|
1
|
Paskal W, Kopka M, Stachura A, Paskal AM, Pietruski P, Pełka K, Woessner AE, Quinn KP, Galus R, Wejman J, Włodarski P. Single Dose of N-Acetylcysteine in Local Anesthesia Increases Expression of HIF1α, MAPK1, TGFβ1 and Growth Factors in Rat Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8659. [PMID: 34445365 PMCID: PMC8395485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the gene expression profile, neoangiogenesis, neutrophils and macrophages in a rat model of incisional wounds. Before creating wounds on the backs of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats, intradermal injections were made. Lidocaine-epinephrin solutions were supplemented with 0.015%, 0.03% or 0.045% solutions of NAC, or nothing (control group). Scars were harvested on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 60th day post-surgery. We performed immunohistochemical staining in order to visualize macrophages (anti-CD68), neutrophils (anti-MPO) and newly formed blood vessels (anti-CD31). Additionally, RT-qPCR was used to measure the relative expression of 88 genes involved in the wound healing process. On the 14th day, the number of cells stained with anti-CD68 and anti-CD31 antibodies was significantly larger in the tissues treated with 0.03% NAC compared with the control. Among the selected genes, 52 were upregulated and six were downregulated at different time points. Interestingly, NAC exerted a significant effect on the expression of 45 genes 60 days after its administration. In summation, a 0.03% NAC addition to the pre-incisional anesthetic solution improves neovasculature and increases the macrophages' concentration at the wound site on the 14th day, as well as altering the expression of numerous genes that are responsible for the regenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Paskal
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.P.); (K.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Michał Kopka
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.P.); (K.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Albert Stachura
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.P.); (K.P.); (P.W.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana M. Paskal
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.P.); (K.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Pietruski
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Replantation and Reconstructive Surgery, Gruca Teaching Hospital, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
| | - Kacper Pełka
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.P.); (K.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Alan E. Woessner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (A.E.W.); (K.P.Q.)
| | - Kyle P. Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (A.E.W.); (K.P.Q.)
| | - Ryszard Galus
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Wejman
- Department of Pathology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Włodarski
- Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.P.); (K.P.); (P.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Paskal W, Paskal AM, Pietruski P, Stachura A, Pełka K, Woessner AE, Quinn KP, Kopka M, Galus R, Wejman J, Włodarski P. N-Acetylcysteine Added to Local Anesthesia Reduces Scar Area and Width in Early Wound Healing-An Animal Model Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7549. [PMID: 34299175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate if a pre-incisional N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment altered the process of wound healing in a rat model. The dorsal skin of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats was incised in six locations. Before the incisions were made, skin was injected either with lidocaine and epinephrine (one side) or with these agents supplemented with 0.015%, 0.03%, or 0.045% NAC (contralaterally). Photographic documentation of the wound healing process was made at 11 time points. Rats were sacrificed 3, 7, 14, or 60 days after incision to excise scars for histological analysis. They included: Abramov scale scoring, histomorphometry analysis, and collagen fiber arrangement assessment. Skin pretreated with 0.03% NAC produced the shortest scars at all analyzed time points, though this result was statistically insignificant. At this NAC concentration the scars had smaller areas on the third day and were narrower on the day 4 compared with all the other groups (p < 0.05). On day 7, at the same concentration of NAC, the scars had a higher superficial concentration index (p = 0.03) and larger dermal proliferation area (p = 0.04). NAC addition to pre-incisional anesthetic solution decreased wound size and width at an early stage of scar formation at all concentrations; however, with optimal results at 0.03% concentration.
Collapse
|