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de la Fuente-Jiménez JL, Rodríguez-Rivas CI, Mitre-Aguilar IB, Torres-Copado A, García-López EA, Herrera-Celis J, Arvizu-Espinosa MG, Garza-Navarro MA, Arriaga LG, García JL, García-Gutiérrez DI, Dehesa AZ, Sharma A, Oza G. A Comparative and Critical Analysis for In Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation of Magneto-Crystalline Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles Using MTT, Crystal Violet, LDH, and Apoptosis Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12860. [PMID: 37629040 PMCID: PMC10454666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZFO NPs) are a promising magneto-crystalline platform for nanomedicine-based cancer theranostics. ZFO NPs synthesized using co-precipitation method are characterized using different techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy exhibits absorption peaks specific for ZFO. Raman spectroscopy identifies Raman active, infrared active, and silent vibrational modes while Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) spectra display IR active modes that confirm the presence of ZFO. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) exhibits the crystalline planes of single-phase ZFO with a face-centered cubic structure that coincides with the selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAED). The average particle size according to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) is 5.6 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) signals confirm the chemical states of Fe, Zn, and O. A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) displays the magnetic response of ZFO NPs, showing a magnetic moment of 45.5 emu/gm at 70 kOe. These ZFO NPs were then employed for comparative cytotoxicity evaluation using MTT, crystal violet, and LDH assays on breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell (MCF-7), triple-negative breast cancer lines (MDA-MB 231), and human embryonic kidney cell lines (HEK-293). Flow cytometric analysis of all the three cell lines were performed in various concentrations of ZFO NPs for automated cell counting and sorting based on live cells, cells entering in early or late apoptotic phase, as well as in the necrotic phase. This analysis confirmed that ZFO NPs are more cytotoxic towards triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) as compared to breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and normal cell lines (HEK-293), thus corroborating that ZFO can be exploited for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis de la Fuente-Jiménez
- Centre of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500, Fracc. San Pablo, Querétaro 76130, Mexico; (J.L.d.l.F.-J.); (A.T.-C.); (M.G.A.-E.)
| | - César Iván Rodríguez-Rivas
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de Las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (C.I.R.-R.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Irma Beatriz Mitre-Aguilar
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.M.-A.); (E.A.G.-L.)
| | - Andrea Torres-Copado
- Centre of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500, Fracc. San Pablo, Querétaro 76130, Mexico; (J.L.d.l.F.-J.); (A.T.-C.); (M.G.A.-E.)
| | - Eric Alejandro García-López
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.M.-A.); (E.A.G.-L.)
| | - José Herrera-Celis
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro 76703, Mexico; (J.H.-C.); (L.G.A.); (G.O.)
| | - María Goretti Arvizu-Espinosa
- Centre of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500, Fracc. San Pablo, Querétaro 76130, Mexico; (J.L.d.l.F.-J.); (A.T.-C.); (M.G.A.-E.)
| | - Marco Antonio Garza-Navarro
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, FIME, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Mexico; (M.A.G.-N.); (D.I.G.-G.)
| | - Luis Gerardo Arriaga
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro 76703, Mexico; (J.H.-C.); (L.G.A.); (G.O.)
| | - Janet Ledesma García
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de Las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (C.I.R.-R.); (J.L.G.)
| | - Domingo Ixcóatl García-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, FIME, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Mexico; (M.A.G.-N.); (D.I.G.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Zentella Dehesa
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (I.B.M.-A.); (E.A.G.-L.)
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IIB & Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ave. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco Universidad, Del. Coyoacán Ciudad de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Centre of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500, Fracc. San Pablo, Querétaro 76130, Mexico; (J.L.d.l.F.-J.); (A.T.-C.); (M.G.A.-E.)
| | - Goldie Oza
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro 76703, Mexico; (J.H.-C.); (L.G.A.); (G.O.)
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