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Zhu L, Li F, Xie T, Li Z, Tian T, An X, Wei X, Long Y, Jiao Z, Wan X. Receptor-like kinases and their signaling cascades for plant male fertility: loyal messengers. New Phytol 2024; 241:1421-1434. [PMID: 38174365 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are evolved for plant cell-cell communications. The typical RLK protein contains an extracellular and hypervariable N-terminus to perceive various signals, a transmembrane domain to anchor into plasma membrane, and a cytoplasmic, highly conserved kinase domain to phosphorylate target proteins. To date, RLKs have manifested their significance in a myriad of biological processes during plant reproductive growth, especially in male fertility. This review first summarizes a recent update on RLKs and their interacting protein partners controlling anther and pollen development, pollen release from dehisced anther, and pollen function during pollination and fertilization. Then, regulatory networks of RLK signaling pathways are proposed. In addition, we predict RLKs in maize and rice genome, obtain homologs of well-studied RLKs from phylogeny of three subfamilies and then analyze their expression patterns in developing anthers of maize and rice to excavate potential RLKs regulating male fertility in crops. Finally, current challenges and future prospects regarding RLKs are discussed. This review will contribute to a better understanding of plant male fertility control by RLKs, creating potential male sterile lines, and inspiring innovative crop breeding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Fan Li
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianle Xie
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueli An
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Yan Long
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Ziwei Jiao
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100192, China
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Dang X, Jing C, Zhang M, Li X, Xu Q, Hu C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang D, Hong D, Jiang J. A new allele PEL9 GG identified by genome-wide association study increases panicle elongation length in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1136549. [PMID: 36875592 PMCID: PMC9978329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1136549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Considering the male sterile line has the phenomenon of panicle enclosure, panicle elongation length (PEL) plays an important role in hybrid rice seed production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the PEL phenotypic values of 353 rice accessions across six environments, which shows abundant phenotypic variation. Combining the 1.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we performed a genome-wide association study on PEL. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) qPEL4, qPEL6, and qPEL9 were identified as significantly associated with PEL, of which qPEL4 and qPEL6 were previously reported QTLs and qPEL9 was novel. One causal gene locus, PEL9, was identified and validated. The PEL of accessions carrying allele PEL9 GG was significantly longer than that of those carrying allele PEL9 TT. We also demonstrated that the outcrossing rate of female parents carrying allele PEL9 GG increased by 14.81% compared with that of the isogenic line carrying allele PEL9 TT in an F1 hybrid seed production field. The allele frequency of PEL9GG increased gradually with an increase in latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results should facilitate the improvement of the PEL of the female parent of hybrid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Dang
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Chunyu Jing
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinru Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Institute of Crop Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Dezheng Wang
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Delin Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Jiang
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
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Fox M, Newcomb K, Oliveira C, Shakiba E, Nawarathne IN. Facile analysis of rice bran oil to compare free unsaturated fatty acid compositions of parental and hybrid rice lines. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022; 99:1103-1111. [PMID: 36589259 PMCID: PMC9798847 DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rice bran oil (RBO) has been a popular choice of cooking oil in several Asian countries for decades, and the interest in RBO is fast growing in Western countries due to the high levels of hearty unsaturated fats and other components beneficial to health. Further knowledge of unsaturated fatty acid content and composition in rice lines will assist in improving the quality of rice bran processing by allowing robust extraction of rice bran for oil production. The studies focused on the RBO composition of rice lines with beneficial genotypes are scarce. Accordingly, we investigated the total bran lipid content and composition of three of the most abundant, healthy, unsaturated fatty acids that freely exist in RBO: oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids in nine parental lines (two male sterile lines and seven male lines) and seven hybrid rice lines, by utilizing an efficacious organic extraction to collect RBO and by developing a user-friendly reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methodology. Our results showed that the hybrid lines had the highest oil content (F ratio = 7.2017, p value = 0.0019), while the male lines had the highest levels of two of the three free unsaturated fatty acids analyzed (linoleic acid,x ¯ = 212.801 mg and oleic acid,x ¯ = 48.132 mg). Oil weight was negatively correlated with α-linolenic acid (r = -0.6535, p value <0.0001). All three free unsaturated fatty acids were positively correlated. Our samples' natural variation in lipid content suggests that some rice lines are more suitable for oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKinley Fox
- Division of Mathematics and Sciences, Lyon College, Batesville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kaleb Newcomb
- Division of Mathematics and Sciences, Lyon College, Batesville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Cassia Oliveira
- Division of Mathematics and Sciences, Lyon College, Batesville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ehsan Shakiba
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA
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Xu P, Wu T, Ali A, Zhang H, Liao Y, Chen X, Tian Y, Wang W, Fu X, Li Y, Fan J, Wang H, Tian Y, Liu Y, Jiang Q, Sun C, Zhou H, Wu X. EARLY MORNING FLOWERING1 (EMF1) regulates the floret opening time by mediating lodicule cell wall formation in rice. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1441-1443. [PMID: 35634733 PMCID: PMC9342613 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tingkai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Asif Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yongxiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoqiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yonghang Tian
- College of Food Science and EngineeringHainan Tropical Ocean UniversitySanyaHainanChina
| | - Wenming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yunfeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yutong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | | | - Changhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xianjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaRice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Ye Q, Meng X, Chen H, Wu J, Zheng L, Shen C, Guo D, Zhao Y, Liu J, Xue Q, Dong J, Wang T. Construction of genic male sterility system by CRISPR/Cas9 editing from model legume to alfalfa. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:613-615. [PMID: 34962045 PMCID: PMC8989503 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiangzhao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiale Wu
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Da Guo
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yafei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qixia Xue
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Chen H, Jin J, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li Q, Zou Y, Huang X, Zhou B, Zhou R, Ding Y. Comparative Analysis of Proteomics and Transcriptomics during Fertility Transition in a Two-Line Hybrid Rice Line Wuxiang S. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4542. [PMID: 31540278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-line hybrid rice is an important factor of a global crop, but its fertility transition mechanism is unclear. Here, a comparative proteomics and transcriptomics analysis was completed on the two-line hybrid rice line Wuxiang S (WXS) to explore its molecular mechanism and protein regulation during fertility transition. A total of 340 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified using iTRAQ between the pollen mother cell formation stage (P2) and the meiosis stage (P3). There were 3541 and 4247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in P2 and P3 between WXS (Sterile, S)-WXS(S) and WXS (Fertile, F)-WXS(F), respectively, of which 92 and 71 DEGs had corresponding DAPs. Among the DAPs and DEGs, 65 (SP2 vs. FP2) and 55 (SP3 vs. FP3) corresponding DEGs and DAPs (cor-DEGs-DAPs) showed the same expression trend, indicating the cor-DEGs-DAPs genes might play vital roles in WXS fertility transition. Further analysis indicated that cor-DEGs-DAPs proteins were related to energy metabolism-related proteins in anther development and were accompanied by the activation of the stress response pathway and modifications to the cell wall, which ultimately affected the fertility transition of the PTGMS rice line WXS.
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Yan H, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xiong H, Matsui T, Tian X. High Temperature Induced Glume Closure Resulted in Lower Fertility in Hybrid Rice Seed Production. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1960. [PMID: 28105031 PMCID: PMC5214948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicted climate changes, in particular, the increased dimension and frequency of heat waves, are expected to affect crop growth in the future seriously. Hybrid rice relies on seed production from male sterile and restorer lines. Experiments were conducted over two consecutive years to compare the high temperature tolerance of parents of different hybrid rice combinations, in terms of fertility rate, flowering pattern, pollination and physiological parameters of the lodicule. Three male sterile lines and a broad compatibility restorer line (as pollen donor and conventional variety as well) were grown to heading stage and then treated with average daily temperatures of 26°C (range 23-30°C), 28°C (25-32°C), and 30°C (26-34°C), respectively, continued for 5-7 days each in a natural light phytotron which simulated the local typical high temperature weather in the field. The results indicated that male sterile lines were more sensitive to high temperature than the restorer line for fertility rate, and the sensitivity varied between varieties. The fertility rate of the restorer line was maintained at about 90% under the high temperature treatments, while it decreased in the male sterile lines by 23.3 and 48.1% at 28 and 30°C, respectively. The fertility rate of the most sensitive line declined by 70%, and the tolerant line declined by 34% at 30°C. Glume closure in the male sterile lines was a major reason for the reduced fertility rate under high temperature, which is closely correlated with carbohydrates content and the vascular bundle pattern in the lodicule. The present study identified a useful trait to select male sterile lines with high temperature tolerance for seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Yan
- Agricultural College, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryJingzhou, China
| | - Binglin Zhang
- Agricultural College, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryJingzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Zhang
- Agricultural College, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryJingzhou, China
| | - Xinlan Chen
- Agricultural College, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Agricultural College, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryJingzhou, China
- Applied Biological Faculty, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Xiaohai Tian
- Agricultural College, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryJingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohai Tian,
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Jiang J, Jiang J, Yang Y, Cao J. Identification of microRNAs potentially involved in male sterility of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis using microRNA array and quantitative RT-PCR assays. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:416-32. [PMID: 23864334 PMCID: PMC6275644 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of newly identified, noncoding, small RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression. Many miRNAs are reportedly involved in plant growth, development and stress response processes. However, their roles in the sexual reproduction mechanisms in flowering plants remain unknown. Pollen development is an important process in the life cycle of a flowering plant, and it is closely related to the yield and quality of crop seeds. This study aimed to identify miRNAs involved in pollen development. A microarray assay was conducted using the known complementary sequences of plant miRNAs as probes on inflorescences of a sterile male line (Bcajh97-01A) and a fertile male line (Bcajh97-01B) of the Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis cv. 'Aijiaohuang' genic male sterility sister line system (Bcajh97-01A/B). The results showed that 44 miRNAs were differently expressed in the two lines. Of these, 15 had over 1.5-fold changes in their transcript levels, with 9 upregulated and 6 downregulated miRNAs in inflorescences of 'Bcajh97-01A' sterile line plants. We then focused on 3 of these 15 miRNAs (miR158, miR168 and miR172). Through computational methods, 13 family members were predicted for these 3 miRNAs and 22 genes were predicted to be their candidate target genes. By using 5' modified RACE, 2 target genes of miR168 and 5 target genes of miR172 were identified. Then, qRT-PCR was applied to verify the existence and expression patterns of the 3 miRNAs in the flower buds at five developmental stages. The results were generally consistent with those of the microarray. Thus, this study may give a valuable clue for further exploring the miRNA group that may function during pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yafei Yang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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