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Nielsen MR, Jørgensen C, Ahring K, Lund AM, Ørngreen MC. The impact of phenylalanine levels during pregnancy on birth weight and later development in children born to women with phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023. [PMID: 36843352 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Strict metabolic control with dietary treatment during pregnancy is essential for women with phenylketonuria (PKU), as elevated levels of phenylalanine (Phe) are toxic to the developing fetus. Maternal delay in achievement of the recommended Phe level during pregnancy is associated with delayed development of the child. However, the extent to which risk is changed by later or less stringently performed dietary treatment is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Phe levels and time of initiation of a Phe-restricted diet in pregnant women with PKU on birth weight, head circumference and later development of their children. Birth data were obtained from the medical records of women with PKU giving birth in the period 1980-2020. Later development was investigated by interviewing the mothers about their children's development and health. We included 79 children of 41 women with PKU. The women showed good adherence with the diet and had mean blood Phe levels within target range (248 ± 62 μmol/L). The children's development was not affected by fluctuations in the women's Phe levels, that occurred especially in first trimester. Despite maternal Phe levels being within target range, 19 children (26.8%) had low birth weight below 10th percentile. This study indicates that with dietary treatment, the children are born with the same prospect for normal development and health as children born to non-PKU mothers. This is despite maternal fluctuations in the Phe levels during first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Risager Nielsen
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Jørgensen
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Ahring
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Meldgaard Lund
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Cathrine Ørngreen
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shintaku H, Ohura T, Takayanagi M, Kure S, Owada M, Matsubara Y, Yoshino M, Okano Y, Ito T, Okuyama T, Nakamura K, Matuo M, Endo F, Ida H. Guide for diagnosis and treatment of hyperphenylalaninemia. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:8-12. [PMID: 33423362 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Sapropterin hydrochloride, a natural coenzyme (6R-tetrahydrobiopterin) of phenylalanine hydroxylase, was first approved as a treatment for tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in 1992 in Japan, and was then approved as a treatment for a tetrahydrobiopterin-responsive hyperphenylalaninemia in 2007 and 2008, in the USA and Japan, respectively. Guidelines are required on the proper use of sapropterin hydrochloride for tetrahydrobiopterin-responsive hyperphenylalaninemia. OBSERVATIONS It is recommended that tetrahydrobiopterin-responsive hyperphenylalaninemia should be diagnosed in all cases of hyperphenylalaninemia, including phenylketonuria, by tetrahydrobiopterin administration tests rather than by phenotype or blood phenylalanine levels. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE If tetrahydrobiopterin-responsive hyperphenylalaninemia is diagnosed, all ages can be treated with sapropterin hydrochloride. Although there are reports that sapropterin hydrochloride is effective and safe for the prevention of maternal phenylketonuria, further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Shintaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Takayanagi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care and Medical Sports, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Misao Owada
- First Division on Special Formula, Imperial Gift Foundation Boshi Aiiku Kai, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Yoshino
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matuo
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Fumio Endo
- Kumamoto Ezuko Medical Care Center, kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ida
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sakamoto O, Arai-Ichinoi N, Murayama K, Kure S. Successful control of maternal phenylketonuria by tetrahydrobiopterin. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:985-986. [PMID: 30345699 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Sakamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kei Murayama
- Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Ding Y, Li XY, Liu YP, Li DX, Song JQ, Li MQ, Qin YP, Wu TF, Yang YL. [Psychomotor retardation and intermitent convulsions for 8 months in an infant]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2016; 18:67-71. [PMID: 26781416 PMCID: PMC7390091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a boy with psychomotor retardation and epilepsy due to maternal phenylketonuria (PKU). The boy was admitted at the age of 20 months because of psychomotor retardation and epilepsy. He had seizures from the age of 1 year. His development quotient was 43. He presented with microcephaly, normal skin and hair color. Brain MRI scan showed mild cerebral white matter demyelination, broadening bilateral lateral ventricle and foramen magnum stricture. Chromosome karyotype, urine organic acids, blood amino acids and acylcarnitines were normal. His mother had mental retardation from her childhood. She presented with learning difficulties and yellow hair. Her premarriage health examinations were normal. She married a healthy man at age of 26 years. When she visited us at 28 years old, PKU was found by markedly elevated blood phenylalanine (916.54 μmol/L vs normal range 20-120 μmol/L). On her phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, a homozygous mutations c.611A>G (p.Y204C) was identified, which confirmed the diagnosis of PAH-deficient PKU. Her child carries a heterozygous mutation c.611A>G with normal blood phenylalanine. Her husband had no any mutation on PAH. It is concluded that family investigation is very important for the etiological diagnosis of the children with mental retardation and epilepsy. Carefully clinical and metabolic survey should be performed for the parents with mental problems to identify parental diseases-associated child brain damage, such as maternal PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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Ding Y, Li XY, Liu YP, Li DX, Song JQ, Li MQ, Qin YP, Wu TF, Yang YL. [Psychomotor retardation and intermitent convulsions for 8 months in an infant]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2016; 18:67-71. [PMID: 26781416 PMCID: PMC7390091 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a boy with psychomotor retardation and epilepsy due to maternal phenylketonuria (PKU). The boy was admitted at the age of 20 months because of psychomotor retardation and epilepsy. He had seizures from the age of 1 year. His development quotient was 43. He presented with microcephaly, normal skin and hair color. Brain MRI scan showed mild cerebral white matter demyelination, broadening bilateral lateral ventricle and foramen magnum stricture. Chromosome karyotype, urine organic acids, blood amino acids and acylcarnitines were normal. His mother had mental retardation from her childhood. She presented with learning difficulties and yellow hair. Her premarriage health examinations were normal. She married a healthy man at age of 26 years. When she visited us at 28 years old, PKU was found by markedly elevated blood phenylalanine (916.54 μmol/L vs normal range 20-120 μmol/L). On her phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, a homozygous mutations c.611A>G (p.Y204C) was identified, which confirmed the diagnosis of PAH-deficient PKU. Her child carries a heterozygous mutation c.611A>G with normal blood phenylalanine. Her husband had no any mutation on PAH. It is concluded that family investigation is very important for the etiological diagnosis of the children with mental retardation and epilepsy. Carefully clinical and metabolic survey should be performed for the parents with mental problems to identify parental diseases-associated child brain damage, such as maternal PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) was first described over 70 years ago, treatment was developed 50 years ago and universal newborn PKU screening was introduced 40 years ago. Phenylalanine-restricted dietary treatment has prevented mental retardation in thousands of individuals worldwide. We acknowledge, however, that there is still much to learn in the field. The incidence of mental retardation in untreated PKU is likely to be considerably less than the original estimates. Since dietary control is suboptimal in late childhood, adolescence and adulthood, alternative methods of treatment are being explored. These include large neutral amino acids, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, tetrahydrobiopterin and gene replacement. Evidence has surfaced that the semisynthetic, low-protein diet used to treat PKU may be deficient in certain important nutrients. Maternal PKU treatment may be successful even if initiated as late as 8-10 weeks into pregnancy. A plea is made for the immediate establishment of adult treatment centers for PKU (and other inherited metabolic diseases) for long-term treatment, follow-up and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Hanley
- a The Hospital for Sick Children and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Clinical & Biochemical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Schoonheyt WE, Hanley WB, Clarke JT, Austin V, Howe DA. Maternal Phenylketonuria (MPKU). Can Fam Physician 1986; 32:2253-2258. [PMID: 21267327 PMCID: PMC2328240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Untreated maternal phenylketonuria (MPKU) is a major cause of microcephaly, congenital heart disease, intrauterine growth retardation and mental retardation in the offspring of mothers who have the disease. There is evidence, however, that dietary restriction of phenylalanine in the mother before conception and throughout the pregnancy will reduce the risk of these congenital anomalies in the fetus. It is important to be alert to this preventable cause of developmental retardation and congenital abnormalities in all pregnancies until the stage is reached where every woman of child-bearing age has been through the neonatal PKU-screening program. Family physicians are advised to consider prenatal or premarital screening for PKU of all female patients of child-bearing age for the next generation.
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