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Kim MJ, Ku JM, Hong SH, Kim HI, Kwon YY, Park JS, Jung DH, Shin YC, Ko SG. In vitro Anticancer Effects of JI017 on Two Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Involve Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated by Elevated Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:683575. [PMID: 34054558 PMCID: PMC8155384 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.683575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer, and prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in United States men after lung cancer. Many therapies are used to treat prostate cancer, and chemotherapy is one of the most relevant treatments. However, chemotherapy has many side effects, and repeated administration of chemotherapeutic agents leads to acquired resistance. Thus, new drugs with few side effects are needed. We investigated the molecular mechanism of action of JI017 in human prostate cancer cells. We identified an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway that depended on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway and played a crucial role in JI017-induced apoptosis. We measured cell viability by the MTS assay to determine the effect of JI017. Analysis of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle features was performed by flow cytometry. We used western blot and RT-PCR to measure the levels of the proteins of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and apoptosis markers. Immunoprecipitation assay and transfection were used to determine the expression levels of proteins interacting with the pathways influenced by JI017 in prostate cancer cells. The anticancer effects induced by JI017 were evaluated. JI017 induced cell death that regulated apoptotic molecules and caused cell cycle arrest that inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells. Moreover, JI017 generated ROS. Accumulation of ROS caused ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP and IRE1α-CHOP pathways. Furthermore, persistent activation of the UPR pathway induced by JI017 treatment triggered mitochondrial dysfunction, including dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, which activated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in human prostate cancer cells. The data indicated that N-acetyl-L-cysteine diminished apoptosis. We demonstrated that JI017 induced ER stress and cell death. Anticancer properties of JI017 in prostate cancer cells and in a human prostate cancer model involved ROS-mediated ER stress. Thus, JI017 treatment provides a new strategy for chemotherapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Mo Ku
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Pharmacological Toxicology Laboratory, Jeil Pharmaceutical, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Se Hyang Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyo In Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yun Young Kwon
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Sang Park
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok Hyun Jung
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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