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Guile MD, Jain A, Anderson KA, Clarke CF. New Insights on the Uptake and Trafficking of Coenzyme Q. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1391. [PMID: 37507930 PMCID: PMC10376127 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential lipid with many cellular functions, such as electron transport for cellular respiration, antioxidant protection, redox homeostasis, and ferroptosis suppression. Deficiencies in CoQ due to aging, genetic disease, or medication can be ameliorated by high-dose supplementation. As such, an understanding of the uptake and transport of CoQ may inform methods of clinical use and identify how to better treat deficiency. Here, we review what is known about the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of CoQ from yeast, mammalian cell culture, and rodent models, as well as its absorption at the organism level. We discuss the use of these model organisms to probe the mechanisms of uptake and distribution. The literature indicates that CoQ uptake and distribution are multifaceted processes likely to have redundancies in its transport, utilizing the endomembrane system and newly identified proteins that function as lipid transporters. Impairment of the trafficking of either endogenous or exogenous CoQ exerts profound effects on metabolism and stress response. This review also highlights significant gaps in our knowledge of how CoQ is distributed within the cell and suggests future directions of research to better understand this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Guile
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Akash Jain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Kyle A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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Barel O, Malicdan MCV, Ben-Zeev B, Kandel J, Pri-Chen H, Stephen J, Castro IG, Metz J, Atawa O, Moshkovitz S, Ganelin E, Barshack I, Polak-Charcon S, Nass D, Marek-Yagel D, Amariglio N, Shalva N, Vilboux T, Ferreira C, Pode-Shakked B, Heimer G, Hoffmann C, Yardeni T, Nissenkorn A, Avivi C, Eyal E, Kol N, Glick Saar E, Wallace DC, Gahl WA, Rechavi G, Schrader M, Eckmann DM, Anikster Y. Deleterious variants in TRAK1 disrupt mitochondrial movement and cause fatal encephalopathy. Brain 2017; 140:568-581. [PMID: 28364549 PMCID: PMC6075218 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular distribution and dynamics of mitochondria are regulated by several motor proteins and a microtubule network. In neurons, mitochondrial trafficking is crucial because of high energy needs and calcium ion buffering along axons to synapses during neurotransmission. The trafficking kinesin proteins (TRAKs) are well characterized for their role in lysosomal and mitochondrial trafficking in cells, especially neurons. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified homozygous truncating variants in TRAK1 (NM_001042646:c.287-2A > C), in six lethal encephalopathic patients from three unrelated families. The pathogenic variant results in aberrant splicing and significantly reduced gene expression at the RNA and protein levels. In comparison with normal cells, TRAK1-deficient fibroblasts showed irregular mitochondrial distribution, altered mitochondrial motility, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and diminished mitochondrial respiration. This study confirms the role of TRAK1 in mitochondrial dynamics and constitutes the first report of this gene in association with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Barel
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Judith Kandel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hadass Pri-Chen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Inês G Castro
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jeremy Metz
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Osama Atawa
- Palestenian Red Crescent Society Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Hebron City, Palestine
| | - Sharon Moshkovitz
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Esther Ganelin
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sylvie Polak-Charcon
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dvora Nass
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dina Marek-Yagel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ninette Amariglio
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nechama Shalva
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Carlos Ferreira
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Dr. Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gali Heimer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Dr. Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Chen Hoffmann
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tal Yardeni
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andreea Nissenkorn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Service for Rare Disorders, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Camila Avivi
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eran Eyal
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nitzan Kol
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Efrat Glick Saar
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Schrader
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yair Anikster
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Sandoval H, Yao CK, Chen K, Jaiswal M, Donti T, Lin YQ, Bayat V, Xiong B, Zhang K, David G, Charng WL, Yamamoto S, Duraine L, Graham BH, Bellen HJ. Mitochondrial fusion but not fission regulates larval growth and synaptic development through steroid hormone production. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25313867 PMCID: PMC4215535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fusion and fission affect the distribution and quality control of mitochondria. We show that Marf (Mitochondrial associated regulatory factor), is required for mitochondrial fusion and transport in long axons. Moreover, loss of Marf leads to a severe depletion of mitochondria in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Marf mutants also fail to maintain proper synaptic transmission at NMJs upon repetitive stimulation, similar to Drp1 fission mutants. However, unlike Drp1, loss of Marf leads to NMJ morphology defects and extended larval lifespan. Marf is required to form contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum and/or lipid droplets (LDs) and for proper storage of cholesterol and ecdysone synthesis in ring glands. Interestingly, human Mitofusin-2 rescues the loss of LD but both Mitofusin-1 and Mitofusin-2 are required for steroid-hormone synthesis. Our data show that Marf and Mitofusins share an evolutionarily conserved role in mitochondrial transport, cholesterol ester storage and steroid-hormone synthesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03558.001 Mitochondria are the main source of energy for cells. These vital and highly dynamic organelles continually change shape by fusing with each other and splitting apart to create new mitochondria, repairing and replacing those damaged by cell stress. For nerve impulses to be transmitted across the gaps (called synapses) between nerve cells, mitochondria need to supply the very ends of the nerve fibers with energy. To do this, the mitochondria must be transported from the main body of the nerve cell to the tips of the nerve fibers. This may not happen if mitochondria are the wrong shape, size or damaged. While searching for genetic mutations that disrupt nerve function in the fruit fly Drosophila, Sandoval et al. spotted mutations in a gene called Marf. Further investigations revealed that flies with mutant versions of Marf have small, round mitochondria, and their nerves cannot transmit signals to muscles when they are highly stimulated. This is because the mutant mitochondria are not easily transported along nerve fibers, and so not enough energy is supplied to the synapses. The synapses of the Marf mutants are also abnormally shaped. Sandoval et al. found that this is not because Marf is lost in the neurons themselves, but because it is lost from a hormone-producing tissue called the ring gland. Another problem found in flies with mutated Marf genes is that they stop developing while in their larval stage. Sandoval et al. established that this could also be related to the loss of Marf from the ring gland. The Marf protein has two different functions in the ring gland: forming and storing droplets of fatty molecules used in hormone production, and synthesising a hormone that controls when a fly larva matures into the adult fly. This suggests that the lower levels of this hormone produced by Marf mutant flies underlies their prolonged larval stages and synapse defects. Vertebrates (animals with backbones, such as humans) have two genes that are related to the fly's Marf gene. When the human forms of these genes were introduced into mutant flies that lack a working copy of Marf, hormone production was only restored if both genes were introduced together. This indicates that these genes have separate roles in vertebrates, but that these roles are both performed by the single fly gene. The role of Marf in tethering mitochondria in the ring gland may allow us to better understand how this process affects hormone production and how the different parts of the cell communicate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03558.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Sandoval
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Chi-Kuang Yao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Kuchuan Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Taraka Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Yong Qi Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Vafa Bayat
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Gabriela David
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Wu-Lin Charng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Lita Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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