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Mussakhanuly N, Soufiani AM, Bernardi S, Gan J, Bhattacharyya SK, Chin RL, Muhammad H, Dubajic M, Gentle A, Chen W, Zhang M, Nielsen MP, Huang S, Asbury J, Widmer-Cooper A, Yun JS, Hao X. Thermal Disorder-Induced Strain and Carrier Localization Activate Reverse Halide Segregation. Adv Mater 2023:e2311458. [PMID: 38059415 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The reversal of halide ions is studied under various conditions. However, the underlying mechanism of heat-induced reversal remains unclear. This work finds that dynamic disorder-induced localization of self-trapped polarons and thermal disorder-induced strain (TDIS) can be co-acting drivers of reverse segregation. Localization of polarons results in an order of magnitude decrease in excess carrier density (polaron population), causing a reduced impact of the light-induced strain (LIS - responsible for segregation) on the perovskite framework. Meanwhile, exposing the lattice to TDIS exceeding the LIS can eliminate the photoexcitation-induced strain gradient, as thermal fluctuations of the lattice can mask the LIS strain. Under continuous 0.1 W cm⁻2 illumination (upon segregation), the strain disorder is estimated to be 0.14%, while at 80 °C under dark conditions, the strain is 0.23%. However, in situ heating of the segregated film to 80 °C under continuous illumination (upon reversal) increases the total strain disorder to 0.25%, where TDIS is likely to have a dominant contribution. Therefore, the contribution of entropy to the system's free energy is likely to dominate, respectively. Various temperature-dependent in situ measurements and simulations further support the results. These findings highlight the importance of strain homogenization for designing stable perovskites under real-world operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursultan Mussakhanuly
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Arman Mahboubi Soufiani
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Division Solar Energy, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Bernardi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Jianing Gan
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Saroj Kumar Bhattacharyya
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit (SSEAU), Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Lee Chin
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Hanif Muhammad
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Milos Dubajic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Angus Gentle
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Weijian Chen
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Meng Zhang
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Michael P Nielsen
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shujuan Huang
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - John Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Asaph Widmer-Cooper
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jae Sung Yun
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
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