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Hendrix N, Gulati R, Jiao B, Kader AK, Ryan ST, Etzioni R. Clarifying the Trade-Offs of Risk-Stratified Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Study. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:2064-2074. [PMID: 34023874 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer risk prediction is necessary for precision early detection, which matches screening intensity to risk. However, practical steps for translating risk predictions to risk-stratified screening policies are not well established. We used a validated population prostate-cancer model to simulate the outcomes of strategies that increase intensity for men at high risk and reduce intensity for men at low risk. We defined risk by the Prompt Prostate Genetic Score (PGS) (Stratify Genomics, San Diego, California), a germline genetic test. We first recalibrated the model to reflect the disease incidence observed within risk strata using data from a large prevention trial where some participants were tested with Prompt PGS. We then simulated risk-stratified strategies in a population with the same risk distribution as the trial and evaluated the cost-effectiveness of risk-stratified screening versus universal (risk-agnostic) screening. Prompt PGS risk-adapted screening was more cost-effective when universal screening was conservative. Risk-stratified strategies improved outcomes at a cost of less than $100,000 per quality-adjusted life year compared with biennial screening starting at age 55 years, but risk stratification was not cost-effective compared with biennial screening starting at age 45. Heterogeneity of risk and fraction of the population within each stratum were also important determinants of cost-effectiveness.
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Seigneurin A, Exbrayat C, Molinié F, Croisier L, Poncet F, Berquet K, Delafosse P, Colonna M. Association of Mammography Screening With a Reduction in Breast Cancer Mortality: A Modeling Study Using Population-Based Data From 2 French Departments. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:827-835. [PMID: 33043362 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials that started from 1963 to 1991 reported a decrease of breast cancer mortality, associated with mammography screening. However, the effectiveness of population-based screening programs conducted currently might have changed due to the higher effectiveness of treatments for late-stage cancers and the better diagnostic performance of mammography. The main objective of this study was to predict the reduction of breast cancer mortality associated with mammography screening in the current French setting. We compared breast cancer mortality in 2 simulated cohorts of women, which differed from each other solely in a 70% biennial participation in screening from 50 to 74 years old. The microsimulation model used for predictions was calibrated with incidence rates of breast cancer according to stage that were observed in Isère and Loire-Atlantique departments, France, in 2007-2013. The model predicted a decrease of breast cancer mortality associated with mammography screening of 18% (95% CI: 5, 31) and 17% (95% CI: 3, 29) for models calibrated with data from Isère and Loire-Atlantique departments, respectively. Our results highlight the interest in biennial mammography screening from ages 50 to 74 years old to decrease breast cancer mortality in the current setting, despite improvements in treatment effectiveness.
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Costantino V, Raina MacIntyre C. The Impact of Universal Mask Use on SARS-COV-2 in Victoria, Australia on the Epidemic Trajectory of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:625499. [PMID: 33968879 PMCID: PMC8096905 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.625499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective(s): To estimate the impact of universal community face mask use in Victoria, Australia along with other routine disease control measures in place. Methods: A mathematical modeling study using an age structured deterministic model for Victoria, was simulated for 123 days between 1 June 2020 and 1 October 2020, incorporating lockdown, contact tracing, and case findings with and without mask use in varied scenarios. The model tested the impact of differing scenarios of the universal use of face masks in Victoria, by timing, varying mask effectiveness, and uptake. Results: A six-week lockdown with standard control measures, but no masks, would have resulted in a large resurgence by September, following the lifting of restrictions. Mask use can substantially reduce the epidemic size, with a greater impact if at least 50% of people wear a mask which has an effectiveness of at least 40%. Early mask use averts more cases than mask usage that is only implemented closer to the peak. No mask use, with a 6-week lockdown, results in 67,636 cases and 120 deaths by 1 October 2020 if no further lockdowns are used. If mask use at 70% uptake commences on 23 July 2020, this is reduced to 7,961 cases and 42 deaths. We estimated community mask effectiveness to be 11%. Conclusion(s): Lockdown and standard control measures may not have controlled the epidemic in Victoria. Mask use can substantially improve epidemic control if its uptake is higher than 50% and if moderately effective masks are used. Early mask use should be considered in other states if community transmission is present, as this has a greater effect than later mask wearing mandates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Costantino
- The Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Chandini Raina MacIntyre
- The Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- College of Public Affairs and Community Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Torres-Álvarez R, Barrán-Zubaran R, Canto-Osorio F, Sánchez-Romero LM, Camacho-García-Formentí D, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Meza R, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T. Body weight impact of the sugar-sweetened beverages tax in Mexican children: A modeling study. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12636. [PMID: 32282131 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico, a 10% tax to sugar-sweetened beverages was implemented in 2014. Projections of the potential health effect of this tax in children are not available. OBJECTIVE To estimate the 1-year effect of the tax on the body weight of children 5 to 17 years old, and estimated alternative scenarios with higher tax rates (20%, 30%, and 40%). METHODS We used a dynamical mathematical model, recalibrated to the Mexican population. Input data were obtained from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 and 2012. We estimated the expected average weight reduction, stratified by category of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. RESULTS With a 10% tax, we estimated an overall weight reduction of 0.26 kg for children and 0.61 kg for adolescents; in high consumers, the reduction could reach 0.50 and 0.87 kg, respectively. Higher tax rates would produce larger weight decreases; in high consumers a 40% tax would result in a reduction of 1.99 kg for children and 3.50 kg for adolescents. CONCLUSION The tax represents an effective component of any child or adolescent weight control program, and must be considered as part of any integrated population-level program for children and adolescent obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Torres-Álvarez
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Barrán-Zubaran
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Francisco Canto-Osorio
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Luz M Sánchez-Romero
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Barry M Popkin
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan A Rivera
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Kirchhof P, Haas S, Amarenco P, Hess S, Lambelet M, van Eickels M, Turpie AGG, Camm AJ. Impact of Modifiable Bleeding Risk Factors on Major Bleeding in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulated With Rivaroxaban. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e009530. [PMID: 32079476 PMCID: PMC7335544 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Reducing major bleeding events is a challenge when managing anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. This study evaluated the impact of modifiable and nonmodifiable bleeding risk factors in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving rivaroxaban and estimated the impact of risk factor modification on major bleeding events. Methods and Results Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors associated with major bleeding events were identified from the XANTUS (Xarelto for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) prospective registry data set (6784 rivaroxaban-treated patients). Parameters showing univariate association with bleeding were used to construct a multivariable model identifying independent risk factors. Modeling was used to estimate attributed weights to risk factors. Heavy alcohol use (hazard ratio [HR]=2.37; 95% CI 1.24-4.53); uncontrolled hypertension (HR after parameter-wise shrinkage=1.79; 95% CI 1.05-3.05); and concomitant treatment with antiplatelets, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or paracetamol (HR=1.80; 95% CI 1.24-2.61) were identified as modifiable, independent bleeding risk factors. Increasing age (HR=1.25 [per 5-year increment]; 95% CI 1.12-1.38); heart failure (HR=1.97; 95% CI 1.36-2.86); and vascular disease (HR=1.91; 95% CI 1.32-2.77) were identified as nonmodifiable bleeding risk factors. Overall, 128 (1.9%) patients experienced major bleeding events; of these, 11% had no identified bleeding risk factors, 50% had nonmodifiable bleeding risk factors only, and 39% had modifiable bleeding risk factors (with or without nonmodifiable risk factors). The presence of 1 modifiable bleeding risk factor doubled the risk of major bleeding. Conclusions Elimination of modifiable bleeding risk factors is a potentially effective strategy to reduce bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation patients receiving rivaroxaban. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01606995.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences UHB and Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trusts University of Birmingham United Kingdom.,University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Sylvia Haas
- Formerly Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Pierre Amarenco
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre Paris-Diderot-Sorbonne University Paris France
| | - Susanne Hess
- Medical Affairs Bayer AG Berlin Germany.,Chrestos Concept GmbH & Co KG Essen Germany
| | | | | | | | - A John Camm
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute and Cardiology Clinical Academic Group St George's, University of London London United Kingdom
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North RB, Parihar HS, Spencer SD, Spalding AF, Shipley J. Cost-Effectiveness Model Shows Superiority of Wireless Spinal Cord Stimulation Implantation Without a Separate Trial. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:596-603. [PMID: 32065696 PMCID: PMC8246551 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of wireless spinal cord stimulation (Wireless SCS) with single stage “direct to permanent” implantation vs. screening with temporary electrodes and an external pulse generator followed by implantation of a system for long‐term use (IPG SCS). Materials and Methods We created a cost model that takes a 2019 United States (U.S.) payer perspective and is based on IPG SCS cost models for subjects with chronic back and/or leg pain. Our six‐month decision tree includes the screening trial period (success ≥50% relief) and leads to various levels of pain relief with or without complications for IPG SCS and Wireless SCS and without complications for conventional medical management (CMM). Every three months in the follow‐on 15‐year Markov model (with costs and quality‐adjusted life years discounted 3.5% annually), subjects remain stable or transition to deteriorated health or death. Subjects who fail SCS receive CMM. After 60 Markov cycles, a 100,000‐sample simulation reveals the impact of maximum willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) from $10,000 to $100,000 per quality‐adjusted life year on net monetary benefit (NMB). Sensitivity analyses considered the impact of the Wireless SCS screening success rate, Wireless SCS device cost, and IPG SCS device longevity. Results Compared with IPG SCS, Wireless SCS offers higher clinical effectiveness at a lower cost and a higher NMB for our WTP thresholds and is, thus, dominant. Wireless SCS is also cost‐effective compared with CMM. Results remain robust with 1) Wireless SCS screening success rates as low as 85% (dominant), 2) the cost of the Wireless SCS devices as high as $55,000 (cost‐effective), and 3) IPG SCS devices lasting 12 years (dominant). Conclusions In this model, compared with IPG SCS or with CMM, Wireless SCS is a superior strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish S Parihar
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM) Georgia, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | - Shawn D Spencer
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM) Georgia, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | | | - Jane Shipley
- The Neuromodulation Foundation, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
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Adrover A, Paolicelli P, Petralito S, Di Muzio L, Trilli J, Cesa S, Tho I, Casadei MA. Gellan Gum/Laponite Beads for the Modified Release of Drugs: Experimental and Modeling Study of Gastrointestinal Release. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E187. [PMID: 30999609 PMCID: PMC6523394 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, gellan gum (GG), a natural polysaccharide, was used to fabricate spherical porous beads suitable as sustained drug delivery systems for oral administration. GG was cross-linked with calcium ions to prepare polymeric beads. Rheological studies and preliminary experiments of beads preparation allowed to identify the GG and the CaCl2 concentrations suitable for obtaining stable and spherical particles. GG beads were formed, through ionotropic gelation technique, with and without the presence of the synthetic clay laponite. The resultant beads were analyzed for dimensions (before and after freeze-drying), morphological aspects and ability to swell in different media miming biological fluids, namely SGF (Simulated Gastric Fluid, HCl 0.1 M) and SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid, phosphate buffer, 0.044 M, pH 7.4). The swelling degree was lower in SGF than in SIF and further reduced in the presence of laponite. The GG and GG-layered silicate composite beads were loaded with two model drugs having different molecular weight, namely theophylline and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) and subjected to in-vitro release studies in SGF and SIF. The presence of laponite in the bead formulation increased the drug entrapment efficiency and slowed-down the release kinetics of both drugs in the gastric environment. A moving-boundary swelling model with "diffuse" glassy-rubbery interface was proposed in order to describe the swelling behavior of porous freeze-dried beads. Consistently with the swelling model adopted, two moving-boundary drug release models were developed to interpret release data from highly porous beads of different drugs: drug molecules, e.g., theophylline, that exhibit a typical Fickian behavior of release curves and drugs, such as vitamin B12, whose release curves are affected by the physical/chemical interaction of the drug with the polymer/clay complex. Theoretical results support the experimental observations, thus confirming that laponite may be an effective additive for fabricating sustained drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Adrover
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Materiali e Ambiente, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Paolicelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Petralito
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Di Muzio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Jordan Trilli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ingunn Tho
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maria Antonietta Casadei
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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de Gavelle E, Huneau JF, Bianchi CM, Verger EO, Mariotti F. Protein Adequacy Is Primarily a Matter of Protein Quantity, Not Quality: Modeling an Increase in Plant:Animal Protein Ratio in French Adults. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1333. [PMID: 29292749 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A downward trend in animal protein (AP) intake has been observed in western countries over the last decade and the effects of such a transition on protein adequacy remain debatable. Using the probability approach and diet modeling with data on 1678 adults from a representative French national dietary survey, we studied the sensitivity of the adequacy of protein and amino acid intakes to changes in animal:plant protein. We simulated the gradual substitution of AP with different mixtures of plant protein (PP), containing various proportions of PP already consumed and legumes, nuts and seeds (LNS). We found that protein and amino acid intakes met dietary requirements in virtually the entire population studied. Up to 50% of PP in diets, protein and amino acid intakes were adequate in all models. From 50%, protein inadequacy was primary due to protein quantity, and from 70%, to protein quality (as lysine inadequacy). The introduction of LNS in the mixture substituting AP led to adequate protein intakes for higher percentages of PP. An increase in PP based on the current pattern of plant protein sources, low in protein:energy, could lead to inadequate protein intake, but the contribution of LNS ensures the safety of a further transition.
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Feng Y, Friedrichs MAM, Wilkin J, Tian H, Yang Q, Hofmann EE, Wiggert JD, Hood RR. Chesapeake Bay nitrogen fluxes derived from a land-estuarine ocean biogeochemical modeling system: Model description, evaluation, and nitrogen budgets. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 2015; 120:1666-1695. [PMID: 27668137 PMCID: PMC5014239 DOI: 10.1002/2015jg002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Chesapeake Bay plays an important role in transforming riverine nutrients before they are exported to the adjacent continental shelf. Although the mean nitrogen budget of the Chesapeake Bay has been previously estimated from observations, uncertainties associated with interannually varying hydrological conditions remain. In this study, a land-estuarine-ocean biogeochemical modeling system is developed to quantify Chesapeake riverine nitrogen inputs, within-estuary nitrogen transformation processes and the ultimate export of nitrogen to the coastal ocean. Model skill was evaluated using extensive in situ and satellite-derived data, and a simulation using environmental conditions for 2001-2005 was conducted to quantify the Chesapeake Bay nitrogen budget. The 5 year simulation was characterized by large riverine inputs of nitrogen (154 × 109 g N yr-1) split roughly 60:40 between inorganic:organic components. Much of this was denitrified (34 × 109 g N yr-1) and buried (46 × 109 g N yr-1) within the estuarine system. A positive net annual ecosystem production for the bay further contributed to a large advective export of organic nitrogen to the shelf (91 × 109 g N yr-1) and negligible inorganic nitrogen export. Interannual variability was strong, particularly for the riverine nitrogen fluxes. In years with higher than average riverine nitrogen inputs, most of this excess nitrogen (50-60%) was exported from the bay as organic nitrogen, with the remaining split between burial, denitrification, and inorganic export to the coastal ocean. In comparison to previous simulations using generic shelf biogeochemical model formulations inside the estuary, the estuarine biogeochemical model described here produced more realistic and significantly greater exports of organic nitrogen and lower exports of inorganic nitrogen to the shelf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia USA
| | - Marjorie A M Friedrichs
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia USA
| | - John Wilkin
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Qichun Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Eileen E Hofmann
- Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography Old Dominion University Norfolk Virginia USA
| | - Jerry D Wiggert
- Department of Marine Science University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center Mississippi USA
| | - Raleigh R Hood
- Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Cambridge Maryland USA
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