Proton Hopping in Living Systems

This review focuses on the two-century-old concept of proton hopping. Introduced in 1806 by Grotthuss, it has evolved into an explanation of great diversity in describing many functions in living systems. It is a process involving water, which expands on the belief that life exists only in the presence of water. This review describes the mechanism of the process as it carries information through the water. A focus is initially made on the process of water in the nerve systems. The nature of the process in these systems is described as the passage of proton hopping in living systems. In drug-receptor encounters, proton hopping is initiated, carrying specific information from these specialized encounters. The review continues with an explanation of sleep, arising from an alteration in proton hopping. A similar phenomenon of the effect of general anesthetic agents is described, as they interfere with by proton hopping. Finally, memory functions are addressed in the realm of events carried by proton hopping.

Deciphering the Influence of Cigarette Smoke Carcinogens on CNS Associated Biomolecules: A Computational Synergistic Approach

BACKGROUND

Human health issues caused by Cigarette Smoke Carcinogens (CSC) are increasing rapidly every day and challenging the scientific community to provide a better understanding in order to avoid its impact on communities. Cigarette smoke also contains tobacco-based chemical compounds harmful to human beings, either smokers or non-smokers.

OBJECTIVE

We have tested 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (7H-DBC) and Dibenz[a,h]acridine (DBAD) derivatives of Asz-arenes along with N'-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) derivatives of N-Nitrosamines molecular interaction with CNS biomolecules.

METHODS

Computational synergistic approaches like system biology and molecular interaction techniques were implemented to conduct the analysis.

RESULTS

CSC efficiently interacted with NRAS, KRAS, CDH1, and RAC1 molecular targets in CNS. We have also performed the interactome analysis followed by system biology approaches and found that HSPA8 is the most important hub protein for the network generated for CSC-hampered genes of CNS. We have also identified 6 connector proteins, namely TP53, HSP90AA1, PPP2CA, CDH1, CTNNB1, and ARRB1. Further analysis revealed that NRAS and CDH1 have maximum interactions with all the selected CSC.

CONCLUSION

The obtained structural analysis data could be utilized to assess the carcinogenic effect of CSC and could be useful in the treatment of CNS diseases and disorders induced, especially by tobacco-specific carcinogens, or it could also be used in vivo/ in vitro experimentation model designing.