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Lam CW, Castranova V, Driscoll K, Warheit D, Ryder V, Zhang Y, Zeidler-Erdely P, Hunter R, Scully R, Wallace W, James J, Crucian B, Nelman M, McCluskey R, Gardner D, Renne R, McClellan R. A review of pulmonary neutrophilia and insights into the key role of neutrophils in particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung from animal studies of lunar dusts and other poorly soluble dust particles. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:441-479. [PMID: 37850621 PMCID: PMC10872584 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2258925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung remain poorly understood. Neutrophilic inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung are hallmarks of toxicity. Some investigators have postulated that oxidative stress from particle surface reactive oxygen species (psROS) on the dust produces the toxicopathology in the lungs of dust-exposed animals. This postulate was tested concurrently with the studies to elucidate the toxicity of lunar dust (LD), which is believed to contain psROS due to high-speed micrometeoroid bombardment that fractured and pulverized lunar surface regolith. Results from studies of rats intratracheally instilled (ITI) with three LDs (prepared from an Apollo-14 lunar regolith), which differed 14-fold in levels of psROS, and two toxicity reference dusts (TiO2 and quartz) indicated that psROS had no significant contribution to the dusts' toxicity in the lung. Reported here are results of further investigations by the LD toxicity study team on the toxicological role of oxidants in alveolar neutrophils that were harvested from rats in the 5-dust ITI study and from rats that were exposed to airborne LD for 4 weeks. The oxidants per neutrophils and all neutrophils increased with dose, exposure time and dust's cytotoxicity. The results suggest that alveolar neutrophils play a critical role in particle-induced injury and toxicity in the lung of dust-exposed animals. Based on these results, we propose an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for particle-associated lung disease that centers on the crucial role of alveolar neutrophil-derived oxidant species. A critical review of the toxicology literature on particle exposure and lung disease further supports a neutrophil-centric mechanism in the pathogenesis of lung disease and may explain previously reported animal species differences in responses to poorly soluble particles. Key findings from the toxicology literature indicate that (1) after exposures to the same dust at the same amount, rats have more alveolar neutrophils than hamsters; hamsters clear more particles from their lungs, consequently contributing to fewer neutrophils and less severe lung lesions; (2) rats exposed to nano-sized TiO2 have more neutrophils and more severe lesions in their lungs than rats exposed to the same mass-concentration of micron-sized TiO2; nano-sized dust has a greater number of particles and a larger total particle-cell contact surface area than the same mass of micron-sized dust, which triggers more alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) to synthesize and release more cytokines that recruit a greater number of neutrophils leading to more severe lesions. Thus, we postulate that, during chronic dust exposure, particle-inflicted AECs persistently release cytokines, which recruit neutrophils and activate them to produce oxidants resulting in a prolonged continuous source of endogenous oxidative stress that leads to lung toxicity. This neutrophil-driven lung pathogenesis explains why dust exposure induces more severe lesions in rats than hamsters; why, on a mass-dose basis, nano-sized dusts are more toxic than the micron-sized dusts; why lung lesions progress with time; and why dose-response curves of particle toxicity exhibit a hockey stick like shape with a threshold. The neutrophil centric AOP for particle-induced lung disease has implications for risk assessment of human exposures to dust particles and environmental particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-wing Lam
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kevin Driscoll
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Valerie Ryder
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Utilization and Life Sciences Office, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, USA
| | - Patti Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Scully
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Wallace
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John James
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian Crucian
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mayra Nelman
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Roger Renne
- Roger Renne ToxPath Consulting Inc., Sumner, WA, USA
| | - Roger McClellan
- Toxicology and Human Health Risk Analysis, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Zhang Y, Story M, Yeshitla S, Wang X, Scully RR, Theriot C, Wu H, Ryder VE, Lam CW. Persistent changes in expression of genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of rats exposed to airborne lunar dust. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:139-156. [PMID: 36966416 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2172485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
NASA is currently planning return missions to the Moon for further exploration and research. The Moon is covered by a layer of potentially reactive fine dust, which could pose a toxicological risk of exposure to explorers. To assess this risk, we exposed rats to lunar dust (LD) that was collected during the Apollo14 mission. Rats were exposed to respirable sizes of LD at concentrations of 0, 2.1, 6.8, 20.8, or 60.6 mg/m3 for 4 weeks. One day, and one, four, and thirteen weeks after exposure, we assessed 44,000 gene transcripts and found the expression of 614 genes with known functions were significantly altered in the rats exposed to the 2 higher concentrations of LD, whereas few changes in gene expression were detected in the group exposed to the lowest concentration of LD. Many of the significant changes in gene expression involved genes known to be associated with inflammation or fibrosis. Four genes encoding pro-inflammatory chemokines were analyzed further using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of these genes was altered in a dose- and time-dependent manner and persistently changed in the lungs of the rats exposed to the two higher concentrations of LD. Their expressions are consistent with changes we detected in pulmonary toxicity biomarkers and pathology in these animals during a previous study. Because Apollo-14 LD contains common mineral oxides similar to an Arizona volcanic ash, besides revealing the toxicity of LD, our findings could help elucidate the genomic and molecular mechanisms involved in pulmonary toxicity induced by terrestrial mineral dusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, Houston, TX, USA
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA
| | - Michael Story
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samrawit Yeshitla
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert R Scully
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Corey Theriot
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Honglu Wu
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie E Ryder
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chiu-Wing Lam
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, Houston, TX, USA
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Lam CW, Castranova V, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Renne R, Hunter R, McCluskey R, Scully RR, Wallace WT, Zhang Y, Ryder VE, Cooper B, McKay D, McClellan RO, Driscoll KE, Gardner DE, Barger M, Meighan T, James JT. Comparative pulmonary toxicities of lunar dusts and terrestrial dusts (TiO 2 & SiO 2) in rats and an assessment of the impact of particle-generated oxidants on the dusts' toxicities. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:51-67. [PMID: 35294311 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2038736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Humans will set foot on the Moon again soon. The lunar dust (LD) is potentially reactive and could pose an inhalation hazard to lunar explorers. We elucidated LD toxicity and investigated the toxicological impact of particle surface reactivity (SR) using three LDs, quartz, and TiO2. We first isolated the respirable-size-fraction of an Apollo-14 regolith and ground two coarser samples to produce fine LDs with increased SR. SR measurements of these five respirable-sized dusts, determined by their in-vitro ability to generate hydroxyl radicals (•OH), showed that ground LDs > unground LD ≥ TiO2 ≥ quartz. Rats were each intratracheally instilled with 0, 1, 2.5, or 7.5 mg of a test dust. Toxicity biomarkers and histopathology were assessed up to 13 weeks after the bolus instillation. All dusts caused dose-dependent-increases in pulmonary lesions and toxicity biomarkers. The three LDs, which possessed mineral compositions/properties similar to Arizona volcanic ash, were moderately toxic. Despite a 14-fold •OH difference among these three LDs, their toxicities were indistinguishable. Quartz produced the lowest •OH amount but showed the greatest toxicity. Our results showed no correlation between the toxicity of mineral dusts and their ability to generate free radicals. We also showed that the amounts of oxidants per neutrophil increased with doses, time and the cytotoxicity of the dusts in the lung, which supports our postulation that dust-elicited neutrophilia is the major persistent source of oxidative stress. These results and the discussion of the crucial roles of the short-lived, continuously replenished neutrophils in dust-induced pathogenesis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Wing Lam
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Health and Performance Contract, KBR, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Roger Renne
- Roger Renne ToxPath Consulting Inc, Sumner, WA, USA
| | - Robert Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert R Scully
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Health and Performance Contract, KBR, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William T Wallace
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Health and Performance Contract, KBR, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Utilization & Life Sciences Office, NASA Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Valerie E Ryder
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bonnie Cooper
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Systems, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David McKay
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Systems, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin E Driscoll
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Mark Barger
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Terence Meighan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John T James
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
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