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Hadano Y. Unveiling Gram-Ghost Cells: A Crucial Aspect of Gram Staining in the COVID-19 Era. Cureus 2024; 16:e54118. [PMID: 38487138 PMCID: PMC10938962 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The term "Gram-ghost appearance" refers to mycobacteria's unique Gram staining characteristics. Recognizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a potential pathogen in respiratory infections, especially in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic, is critical. This case highlights the pivotal role of Gram staining in diagnosis, particularly when COVID-19 tests consistently show negative results. Recognition of Gram-ghost bacilli facilitated prompt tuberculosis diagnosis, emphasizing the enduring diagnostic value of Gram staining, especially in the COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Hadano
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, JPN
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2
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Araújo I, Almeida R. Oleothorax: A Historic Chest Radiograph Finding. Cureus 2023; 15:e33305. [PMID: 36741668 PMCID: PMC9894099 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though tuberculosis (TB) is an extremely old disease, proper effective treatment for the condition became available only around 1944, with the discovery of streptomycin's effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Until then, surgical approaches had been among some of the treatments employed, which were dropped with the progressive development of antimycobacterial agents. We present a case of an 83-year-old woman, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) at the age of 15 years, presenting with a seven-day history of cough, dark sputum, dyspnea, and pleuritic chest pain. She was submitted to a chest radiograph. The exam revealed a large oval calcified mass on the left apex, compatible with oleothorax. Oleothorax should be included in the differential diagnosis of large calcified thoracic masses in older patients.
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3
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Primary Extrapulmonary Rifampicin Mono-Resistant Tuberculosis (TB) of the Endometrium in a Sexually Inactive 20-Year-Old Indian Female: A Very Rare Case. Cureus 2022; 14:e32223. [PMID: 36620786 PMCID: PMC9812340 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Female genital tract tuberculosis (TB) is less frequently reported, even in endemic countries. Often, the diagnosis is incidental and is seen with the involvement of pulmonary or extrapulmonary sites. Isolated female genital tract TB is quite rare, and cases of primary extrapulmonary rifampicin mono-resistant TB of the genital tract are rarest of the rare. In this case, a 20-year-old sexually inactive female with no history of TB presented with complaints of pain in her abdomen for past two months and absence of menstrual cycles since two years and was later diagnosed based on hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) with primary extrapulmonary rifampicin mono-resistant TB of the endometrium. She was started on a WHO-recommended rifampicin mono-resistant TB regimen for 24 months but was ultimately lost to follow-up.
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4
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Süleyman M, Serin O, Koçali B, Orhan D, Yalçın EE, Özçelik U, Ceyhan M, Kiper N, Tezcan İ, Dogru D, Çağdaş D. High Inborn Errors of Immunity Risk in Patients with Granuloma. J Clin Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35980494 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Granuloma etiology includes infections, vasculitis, chemicals, malignancies, lymphoproliferative disorders, and immunological diseases. We hypothesized that patients with granuloma have an underlying primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 82 patients with immunological evaluation among 294 biopsy-proven granuloma patients (0- to 20-year-old). At the same time frame, we followed up with 1910 patients in the same age group. RESULTS Out of 82 patients, male/female ratio was 45/37. Median age at symptom onset was 5 years (28 days-17.4 years), age of granuloma at diagnosis was 8.6 years (36 days-19.4 years). Common symptoms at disease onset were fever (23.2%), lymphadenopathy (19.6%), abdominal pain (12.2%), and cough (12.2%). Granuloma was frequent in lymph nodes (26.8%), skin (19.5%), lung (13.4%), and bone (11%). Common infectious agents isolated were Mycobacterium spp. (23.2%) and EBV (4.9%). We document PIDD in 76.8% (63/82) of patients. 49.4% (40/81) of immunologically evaluated granuloma patients had hypogammaglobulinemia. Granuloma rate in pediatric PIDD was 3.3%(63/1910). Patients with multiple granulomas (n = 16) had a PIDD diagnosis. Lung involvement was three times more in PIDD. Brain involvement was only seen in PIDD. Fibroadipose tissue and liver involvement were more frequent in patients without documented PIDD and patients whose evaluation was not completed. The mortality rate in PIDD with granuloma was 15.9%, whereas there was no mortality in patients without PIDD. CONCLUSION As documented here, even in a university hospital, the immunologic evaluation ratio is about one-third. We showed high PIDD frequency in children with granuloma, and higher mortality in PIDD with granuloma. Thus, an immunologic evaluation performed meticulously by immunologists is a must for accurate diagnosis and decision of individualized therapeutic options.
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5
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Goosen WJ, Clarke C, Kleynhans L, Kerr TJ, Buss P, Miller MA. Culture-Independent PCR Detection and Differentiation of Mycobacteria spp. in Antemortem Respiratory Samples from African Elephants ( Loxodonta Africana) and Rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium Simum, Diceros Bicornis) in South Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060709. [PMID: 35745564 PMCID: PMC9230505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, such as M. bovis, are endemic in specific South African wildlife reserves and zoos, cases of clinically important nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in wildlife may be neglected. Additionally, due to the inability of tests to differentiate between the host responses to MTBC and NTM, the diagnosis of MTBC may be confounded by the presence of NTMs. This may hinder control efforts. These constraints highlight the need for enhanced rapid detection and differentiation methods for MTBC and NTM, especially in high MTBC burden areas. We evaluated the use of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra, the Hain CMdirect V1.0 line probe assay, and novel amplicon sequencing PCRs targeting the mycobacterial rpoB and ku gene targets, directly on antemortem African elephant (n = 26) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n = 22) and trunk washes (n = 21) and rhinoceros (n = 23) BALF (n = 23), with known MTBC culture-positive and NTM culture-positive results. Our findings suggest that the Ultra is the most sensitive diagnostic test for MTBC DNA detection directly in raw antemortem respiratory specimens and that the rpoB PCR is ideal for Mycobacterium genus DNA detection and species identification through amplicon sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand J. Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Charlene Clarke
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Tanya J. Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Skukuza 1350, South Africa;
| | - Michele A. Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
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6
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Zwyer M, Çavusoglu C, Ghielmetti G, Pacciarini ML, Scaltriti E, Van Soolingen D, Dötsch A, Reinhard M, Gagneux S, Brites D. A new nomenclature for the livestock-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on phylogenomics. Open Res Eur 2021; 1:100. [PMID: 37645186 PMCID: PMC10445919 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14029.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The bacteria that compose the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans and in different animals, including livestock. Much progress has been made in understanding the population structure of the human-adapted members of the MTBC by combining phylogenetics with genomics. Accompanying the discovery of new genetic diversity, a body of operational nomenclature has evolved to assist comparative and molecular epidemiological studies of human TB. By contrast, for the livestock-associated MTBC members, Mycobacterium bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis, there has been a lack of comprehensive nomenclature to accommodate new genetic diversity uncovered by emerging phylogenomic studies. We propose to fill this gap by putting forward a new nomenclature covering the main phylogenetic groups within M. bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis. Methods: We gathered a total of 8,736 whole-genome sequences (WGS) from public sources and 39 newly sequenced strains, and selected a subset of 829 WGS, representative of the worldwide diversity of M. bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis. We used phylogenetics and genetic diversity patterns inferred from WGS to define groups. Results: We propose to divide M. bovis, M. caprae and M. orygis in three main phylogenetic lineages, which we named La1, La2 and La3, respectively. Within La1, we identified several monophyletic groups, which we propose to classify into eight sublineages (La1.1-La1.8). These sublineages differed in geographic distribution, with some being geographically restricted and others globally widespread, suggesting different expansion abilities. To ease molecular characterization of these MTBC groups by the community, we provide phylogenetically informed, single nucleotide polymorphisms that can be used as barcodes for genotyping. These markers were implemented in KvarQ and TB-Profiler, which are platform-independent, open-source tools. Conclusions: Our results contribute to an improved classification of the genetic diversity within the livestock-associated MTBC, which will benefit future molecular epidemiological and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zwyer
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cengiz Çavusoglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Dick Van Soolingen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands Antilles
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Dötsch
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Reinhard
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Brites
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Froessl LJ, Abdeen Y. Pseudomembranous Tracheobronchitis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cureus 2021; 13:e17173. [PMID: 34532194 PMCID: PMC8436727 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence is declining in the western world, Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the most common infectious organisms responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the most commonly seen presentation; however, TB can affect nearly any of the body's organ systems. Endobronchial TB (EBTB) can complicate pulmonary TB or more rarely present as an isolated finding. It is essential to recognize and treat this condition promptly, as it can develop into tracheobronchial stenosis and chronic respiratory failure. Here we discuss the case of a 43-year-old female with a left upper lobe cavitary lesion who presented with weight loss, dyspnea, and hoarseness. After failing multiple courses of antibiotics, the patient underwent bronchoscopy, and pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis (PMTB) was diagnosed. Cultures of endobronchial samples grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard anti-TB quadruple therapy was initiated, and the patient clinically improved. Several subtypes of EBTB have been identified earlier. However, to the best of our knowledge, tuberculous PMTB has not previously been reported. This case allows us to consider the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise J Froessl
- Medicine/Pulmonary, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Yazan Abdeen
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary and Sleep Physicians of Houston, Webster, USA
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8
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Risalde MA, Roy Á, Bezos J, Pineda C, Casal C, Díez-Guerrier A, Lopez-Villalba I, Fernández-Manzano Á, Moreno I, De Juan L, Domínguez L, Gortazar C. Hypervitaminosis D has no positive effects on goat tuberculosis and may cause chronic renal lesions. Vet Rec 2019; 185:759. [PMID: 31690642 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence for a link between vitamin D deficiency and active tuberculosis (TB). In human beings, several trials have evaluated the role of vitamin D supplementation in TB treatment with conflicting results. However, the role of vitamin D supplementation in animal TB control has received less attention. The authors evaluated the benefit of vitamin D supplementation for preventing mycobacterial infection or reducing TB lesions (TBL) in a controlled trial with goats naturally exposed to Mycobacterium caprae. METHODS Two groups of goats, a vitamin D-supplemented group and a non-supplemented control group, were housed for 10 months in direct contact with M caprae-infected adult goats. Upon contact with the infected adult goats, all animals were TB-tested every two months. RESULTS No experimental evidence of a protective effect of vitamin D supplementation based on M caprae culture prevalence, TBL prevalence, median TBL score or the proportion of single versus multiple organs presenting TBL was observed. CONCLUSION The results indicate that, in the conditions used in this study, vitamin D supplementation in goats does not reduce TB infection risk nor the diffusion and severity of TBL. In addition, vitamin D-supplemented goats presented hyperphosphataemia and renal injury with calcifications suggestive of vitamin D intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Risalde
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Cordoba, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Unit. Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba - Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Roy
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,CZ Vaccines, Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pineda
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Casal
- Laboratorios SYVA S.A.U. Technological Park, León, Spain
| | - Alberto Díez-Guerrier
- Dpto. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,MAEVA SERVET S.L, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Lucía De Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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9
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van de Weg CAM, de Steenwinkel JEM, Miedema JR, Bakker M, van Ingen J, Hoefsloot W. The tough process of unmasking the slow-growing mycobacterium: case report of Mycobacterium microti infection. Access Microbiol 2019; 2:acmi000074. [PMID: 33062933 PMCID: PMC7525059 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium microti belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). It can cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in humans. Compared to M. tuberculosis , which is the most prevalent subspecies of the MTBC, M. microti infection has a different etiology. Moreover, establishing the diagnosis with conventional bacteriology can be difficult. We will illustrate this with a case of an extrapulmonary tuberculosis of the hip caused by M .microti in an immunocompetent patient in The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A M van de Weg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle R Miedema
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Bakker
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jakko van Ingen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Hoefsloot
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Waziri NE, Cadmus S, Nguku P, Fawole O, Owolodun OA, Waziri H, Ibrahim L, Biya O, Gidado S, Badung S, Kumbish P, Nsubuga P. Factors associated with tuberculosis among patients attending a treatment centre in Zaria, North-west Nigeria, 2010. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 18 Suppl 1:5. [PMID: 25328624 PMCID: PMC4199345 DOI: 10.11694/pamj.supp.2014.18.1.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis remains a global public health problem. In 2011, tuberculosis incidence was 133 per 100,000 in Nigeria. In Nigeria, little is known about the factors associated with tuberculosis, especially in the northern part and only few studies have characterized the Mycobacterium species that cause tuberculosis infection in humans. This study determined factors associated with tuberculosis and identified Mycobacterium species causing human tuberculosis in North-West, Nigeria. Methods We conducted a hospital based case control study between April and July 2010 in Zaria. Cases were newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients >15 years while controls were patients >15 years attending the hospital for other reasons but were negative for tuber-culosis. We used a structured questionnaire to obtain information on demographics, knowledge of transmission of tuberculosis, and exposure to some factors. We preformed descriptive, bivariate and backward elimination logistic regression. Sputa from cases were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on genomic regions of difference. Results The mean ages of the cases and controls were 36, standard deviation (SD) 9.0 and 36, SD 9.7 respectively. Only 10 (9.8%) and nine (8.8%) of cases and controls respectively had a good knowledge of the transmission of tuberculosis. Contact with a tuberculosis patient (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 12.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2-28.8), consumption of unpasteurized milk (AOR 6.4, CI 2.4-17.2), keeping pets (AOR 5.6, CI 2.3-13.7), associating closely with cattle (AOR 5.6, CI 1.3-6.8), and overcrowding (AOR 4.8, CI 1.8-13.1) were significantly associated with tuberculosis. Of the 102 sputa analyzed, 91 (89%) were M. tuberculosis, 8 (7.8%) were M africanum. Conclusion We identified possible opportunities for intervention to limit the spread of tuberculosis. We recommend that the Nigeria tuberculosis control program consider some of these factors as a way to mitigate the spread of tuberculosis in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simeon Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Nguku
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical Statistics and Environmental Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Luka Ibrahim
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria
| | - Oladayo Biya
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria
| | - Saheed Gidado
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Badung
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria
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