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Khalid K, Tan X, Mohd Zaid HF, Tao Y, Lye Chew C, Chu DT, Lam MK, Ho YC, Lim JW, Chin Wei L. Advanced in developmental organic and inorganic nanomaterial: a review. Bioengineered 2020; 11:328-355. [PMID: 32138595 PMCID: PMC7161543 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1736240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, stability, inertness, ease of functionalization, as well as novel optical, electrical, and magnetic behaviors, nanomaterials have a wide range of applications in various fields with the common types including nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and fullerenes. With the aim of providing useful insights to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for large-scale production, this review focused on the science and applications of inorganic and organic nanomaterials, emphasizing on their synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications on different fields. The applications of nanomaterials on imaging, cell and gene delivery, biosensor, cancer treatment, therapy, and others were discussed in depth. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology were also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xuefei Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, PR China
| | - Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chien Lye Chew
- Sime Darby Plantation Research (Formerly Known as Sime Darby Research), R&D Centre – Carey Island, Pulau Carey, Malaysia
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univesiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Center for Urban Resource Sustainably, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia Lim
| | - Lai Chin Wei
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Meenashisundaram GK, Nai MH, Almajid A, Gupta M. Reinforcing Low-Volume Fraction Nano-TiN Particulates to Monolithical, Pure Mg for Enhanced Tensile and Compressive Response. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:ma9030134. [PMID: 28773264 PMCID: PMC5456740 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel Mg (0.58, 0.97, 1.98 and 2.5) vol. % TiN nanocomposites containing titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticulates of ~20 nm size are successfully synthesized by a disintegrated melt deposition technique followed by hot extrusion. Microstructural characterization of Mg-TiN nanocomposites indicate significant grain refinement with Mg 2.5 vol. % TiN exhibiting a minimum grain size of ~11 μm. X-ray diffraction studies of Mg-TiN nanocomposites indicate that addition of up to 1.98 vol. % TiN nanoparticulates aids in modifying the strong basal texture of pure Mg. An attempt is made to study the effects of the type of titanium (metal or ceramic), size, and volume fraction addition of nanoparticulates on the microstructural and mechanical properties of pure magnesium. Among the major strengthening mechanisms contributing to the strength of Mg-Ti-based nanocomposites, Hall-Petch strengthening was found to play a vital role. The synthesized Mg-TiN nanocomposites exhibited superior tensile and compression properties indicating significant improvement in the fracture strain values of pure magnesium under loading. Under tensile and compression loading the presence of titanium (metal or ductile phase) nanoparticulates were found to contribute more towards the strengthening, whereas ceramics of titanium (brittle phases) contribute more towards the ductility of pure magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Meenashisundaram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Mui Hoon Nai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Abdulhakim Almajid
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Lewis JM, Heineck DP, Heller MJ. Detecting cancer biomarkers in blood: challenges for new molecular diagnostic and point-of-care tests using cell-free nucleic acids. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1187-200. [PMID: 26189641 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1069709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As we move into the era of individualized cancer treatment, the need for more sophisticated cancer diagnostics has emerged. Cell-free (cf) nucleic acids (cf-DNA, cf-RNA) and other cellular nanoparticulates are now considered important and selective biomarkers. There is great hope that blood-borne cf-nucleic acids can be used for 'liquid biopsies', replacing more invasive tissue biopsies to analyze cancer mutations and monitor therapy. Conventional techniques for cf-nucleic acid biomarker isolation from blood are generally time-consuming, complicated and expensive. They require relatively large blood samples, which must be processed to serum or plasma before isolation of biomarkers can proceed. Such cumbersome sample preparation also limits the widespread use of powerful, downstream genomic analyses, including PCR and DNA sequencing. These limitations also preclude rapid, point-of-care diagnostic applications. Thus, new technologies that allow rapid isolation of biomarkers directly from blood will permit seamless sample-to-answer solutions that enable next-generation point-of-care molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Lewis
- a 1 Department of Nanoengineering, University of California - San Diego, SME Building, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
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Sonnenberg A, Marciniak JY, McCanna J, Krishnan R, Rassenti L, Kipps TJ, Heller MJ. Dielectrophoretic isolation and detection of cfc-DNA nanoparticulate biomarkers and virus from blood. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1076-84. [PMID: 23436471 PMCID: PMC4517469 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoretic (DEP) microarray devices allow important cellular nanoparticulate biomarkers and virus to be rapidly isolated, concentrated, and detected directly from clinical and biological samples. A variety of submicron nanoparticulate entities including cell free circulating (cfc) DNA, mitochondria, and virus can be isolated into DEP high-field areas on microelectrodes, while blood cells and other micron-size entities become isolated into DEP low-field areas between the microelectrodes. The nanoparticulate entities are held in the DEP high-field areas while cells are washed away along with proteins and other small molecules that are not affected by the DEP electric fields. DEP carried out on 20 μL of whole blood obtained from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients showed a considerable amount of SYBR Green stained DNA fluorescent material concentrated in the DEP high-field regions. Whole blood obtained from healthy individuals showed little or no fluorescent DNA materials in the DEP high-field regions. Fluorescent T7 bacteriophage virus could be isolated directly from blood samples, and fluorescently stained mitochondria could be isolated from biological buffer samples. Using newer DEP microarray devices, high-molecular-weight DNA could be isolated from serum and detected at levels as low as 8-16 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Sonnenberg
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J. Heller
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering
- Department of Nanoengineering, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0448
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Machado BI, Murr LE, Suro RM, Gaytan SM, Ramirez DA, Garza KM, Schuster BE. Characterization and cytotoxic assessment of ballistic aerosol particulates for tungsten alloy penetrators into steel target plates. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7:3313-31. [PMID: 20948926 PMCID: PMC2954547 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7093313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nature and constituents of ballistic aerosol created by kinetic energy penetrator rods of tungsten heavy alloys (W-Fe-Ni and W-Fe-Co) perforating steel target plates was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These aerosol regimes, which can occur in closed, armored military vehicle penetration, are of concern for potential health effects, especially as a consequence of being inhaled. In a controlled volume containing 10 equispaced steel target plates, particulates were systematically collected onto special filters. Filter collections were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) which included energy-dispersive (X-ray) spectrometry (EDS). Dark-field TEM identified a significant nanoparticle concentration while EDS in the SEM identified the propensity of mass fraction particulates to consist of Fe and FeO, representing target erosion and formation of an accumulating debris field. Direct exposure of human epithelial cells (A549), a model for lung tissue, to particulates (especially nanoparticulates) collected on individual filters demonstrated induction of rapid and global cell death to the extent that production of inflammatory cytokines was entirely inhibited. These observations along with comparisons of a wide range of other nanoparticulate species exhibiting cell death in A549 culture may suggest severe human toxicity potential for inhaled ballistic aerosol, but the complexity of the aerosol (particulate) mix has not yet allowed any particular chemical composition to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda I. Machado
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; E-Mails: (L.E.M.); (S.M.G.); (D.A.R.)
| | - Lawrence E. Murr
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; E-Mails: (L.E.M.); (S.M.G.); (D.A.R.)
| | - Raquel M. Suro
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; E-Mails: (R.M.S.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Sara M. Gaytan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; E-Mails: (L.E.M.); (S.M.G.); (D.A.R.)
| | - Diana A. Ramirez
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; E-Mails: (L.E.M.); (S.M.G.); (D.A.R.)
| | - Kristine M. Garza
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; E-Mails: (R.M.S.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Brian E. Schuster
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate (RDRL-WML-H), USA; E-Mail: (B.E.S.)
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