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Olejnik J, Hume AJ, Ross SJ, Scoon WA, Seitz S, White MR, Slutzky B, Yun NE, Mühlberger E. Art of the Kill: Designing and Testing Viral Inactivation Procedures for Highly Pathogenic Negative Sense RNA Viruses. Pathogens 2023; 12:952. [PMID: 37513799 PMCID: PMC10386221 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of highly pathogenic viruses handled under BSL-4 conditions and classified as Select Agents frequently involves the transfer of inactivated materials to lower containment levels for downstream analyses. Adhering to Select Agent and BSL-4 safety regulations requires validation or verification of the inactivation procedures, which comes with an array of challenges for each method. This includes the use of cytotoxic reagents for chemical inactivation and defining the precise inactivation parameters for physical inactivation. Here, we provide a workflow for various inactivation methods using Ebola, Nipah, and Lassa viruses as our examples. We choose three distinct inactivation methods (TRIzol/TRIzol LS, aldehyde fixation using different fixatives, and heat) to highlight the challenges of each method and provide possible solutions. We show that, whereas published chemical inactivation methods are highly reliable, the parameters for heat inactivation must be clearly defined to ensure complete inactivation. In addition to the inactivation data, we also provide examples and templates for the documentation required for approval and use of inactivation SOPs, including an inactivation report, the procedure sections of developed SOPs, and an electronic inactivation certificate that accompanies inactivated samples. The provided information can be used as a roadmap for similar studies at high and maximum containment laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Stephen J Ross
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Whitney A Scoon
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Scott Seitz
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Mitchell R White
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Ben Slutzky
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Nadezhda E Yun
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA
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Han GZ, Worobey M. Homologous recombination in negative sense RNA viruses. Viruses 2011; 3:1358-73. [PMID: 21994784 DOI: 10.3390/v3081358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombination is an important process that influences biological evolution at many different levels. More and more homologous recombination events have been reported among negative sense RNA viruses recently. While sporadic authentic examples indicate that homologous recombination does occur, recombination seems to be generally rare or even absent in most negative sense RNA viruses, and most of the homologous recombination events reported in the literature were likely generated artificially due to lab contamination or inappropriate bioinformatics methods. Homologous recombination in negative sense RNA viruses should be reported with caution in the future, and only after stringent quality control efforts. Moreover, co-infection experiments should be performed to confirm whether recombination can occur.
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