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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Unresectable Mesenteric Mass Causing Small Bowel Obstruction. Cureus 2022; 14:e29871. [PMID: 36348891 PMCID: PMC9629657 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Small bowel obstruction (SBO) has a variety of etiologies, including but not limited to adhesions, malignancy, hernia, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Treatment for SBO may be nonoperative or operative, depending on the underlying condition and clinical symptoms. Clinical judgment and radiological findings cooperate in formulating an appropriate assessment and treatment plan. Mass effect due to malignancy is an indication for surgical intervention, as tumor resection is a mainstay of treatment. However, patient safety and chances of vascular compromise must be considered when determining if the tumor is resectable. Reported is a case of a 65-year-old female with severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and obstipation due to a malignant neuroendocrine tumor within the mesentery adjacent to the aortic bifurcation. Management included surgical intervention to alleviate bowel obstruction and biopsy of the tumor.
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Hashmi AA, Ali J, Yaqeen SR, Ahmed O, Asghar IA, Irfan M, Asif MG, Edhi MM, Hashmi S. Clinicopathological Features of Primary Neuroendocrine Tumors of Gastrointestinal/Pancreatobiliary Tract With Emphasis on High-Grade (Grade 3) Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cureus 2021; 13:e12640. [PMID: 33585126 PMCID: PMC7872883 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The two broad subcategories of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (WDNETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (PDNECs), based on tumor architecture and cytology. Grade 3 WDNETs are a subset of WDNETs that not only are high grade by mitotic activity or proliferative index but exhibit a well-differentiated histology. In this study, we evaluated the clinicopathological features of primary neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI)/pancreatobiliary tract with emphasis on high-grade WDNETs, as it is a newly defined entity. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study, including a total number of 122 cases of primary GI and pancreatobiliary tract NENs. Slides and blocks of all cases were retrieved from the departmental archives. Immunohistochemical stains including Ki67 were applied to selected tissue blocks of all cases. Tumors were then evaluated for their histological differentiation and tumor grade. Results Our results showed that the mean age of patients was 46.8 ± 17.1 years. Majority of the NENs were GI tract origin (86.9%). The most common site of tumor in gastroenteropancreatic tract was the small bowel (31.1%), followed by the stomach (26.2%). Ninety five percent of the tumors were WDNETs, of which the most common grade was G2. The mean Ki67 index was 15.8 ± 23.8. Grade 3 WDNETs were noted to have an older mean age than grades 1 and 2 WDNETs. Ten out of 102 (9.8%) WDNETs of GI tract were grade 3, compared with four out of 14 (28.6%) of pancreatobiliary tract. Conclusion In this study, we found that high-grade (grade 3) WDNETs were more frequent in pancreatobiliary tract than GI tract. Moreover, high-grade WDNETs were associated with a higher mean age than low-grade (grade 1-2) WDNETs. It is extremely important to recognize this subset (high grade) of WDNETs and to distinguish it from PDNECs, as the latter are known to be associated with a worse overall survival. Despite high mitotic rate/proliferative index, high-grade WDNETs are characterized by organoid architecture and monomorphic cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif A Hashmi
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Javaria Ali
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Omer Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Statistics, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Muhammad M Edhi
- Neuroscience/Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Shumaila Hashmi
- Pathology, Combined Military Hospital Multan Institute of Medical Sciences, Multan, PAK
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Kochar T, Dhingra P, Shah H. When Adenocarcinoma Went Hand in Hand with Neuroendocrine Tumor: A Rare Case of Adenocarcinoma Synchronous with Neuroendocrine Tumor in Ampulla of Vater. Cureus 2019; 11:e5168. [PMID: 31528518 PMCID: PMC6743665 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of gastrointestinal tract are rare entities. Their presence as synchronous lesions with adenocarcinoma has rarely been described in the literature. Cases of synchronous lesions of adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine component have been described in the colon in the past. However, synchronous presence in the ampulla of Vater is quite uncommon. In the duodenum, NETs constitute 5.7 to 7.9% of the neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastroenteropancreatic tract. We present a case of 65-year-old male who presented with abdominal symptoms and weight loss, was found to have adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater on biopsy via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), for which he underwent Whipple’s surgery and was found to have neuroendocrine component along with adenocarcinoma postoperatively on histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanureet Kochar
- Internal Medicine, Charleston Area Medical Center / West Virginia University, Charleston, USA
| | | | - Hamza Shah
- Gastroenterology, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, USA
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Hilal L, Jammal M, Khalifeh I, Tfayli A, Youssef B. Carcinoid Tumor Arising from the Sphenoid Sinus Treated with Definitive Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy: A Case Report. Cureus 2019; 11:e4288. [PMID: 31183269 PMCID: PMC6538226 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are a rare type of cancer. NET can be classified according to the histopathological features. The typical carcinoid tumor is a well-differentiated tumor that is the least common among other types. Owing to its indolent behavior and variable radiological and pathological features, treatment of carcinoid tumors remains a challenge. We report a case of a 54-year-old man presenting with a non-operable carcinoid tumor arising in the sphenoid sinuses treated with radiotherapy with stable disease control after three years follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Hilal
- Radiation Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LBN
| | - Mustafa Jammal
- Radiation Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LBN
| | - Ibrahim Khalifeh
- Pathology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LBN
| | - Arafat Tfayli
- Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LBN
| | - Bassem Youssef
- Radiation Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LBN
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Feng Z, Wang L, Sun Y, Jiang Z, Domsic J, An C, Xing B, Tian J, Liu X, Metz DC, Yang X, Marmorstein R, Ma X, Hua X. Menin and Daxx Interact to Suppress Neuroendocrine Tumors through Epigenetic Control of the Membrane Metallo-Endopeptidase. Cancer Res 2017; 77:401-411. [PMID: 27872097 PMCID: PMC5243199 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) often harbor loss-of-function mutations in the MEN1 and DAXX tumor suppressor genes. Here, we report that the products of these genes, menin and Daxx, interact directly with each other to suppress the proliferation of NET cells, to a large degree by inhibiting expression of the membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME). Menin and Daxx were required to enhance histone H3 lysine9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) at the MME promoter, as mediated partly by the histone H3 methyltransferase SUV39H1. Notably, the menin T429K mutation associated with a NET syndrome reduced Daxx binding, MME repression, and proliferation of NET cells. Conversely, inhibition of MME in NET cells repressed proliferation and tumor growth in vivo Our findings reveal a previously unappreciated cross-talk between two crucial tumor suppressor genes thought to work by independent pathways, focusing on MME as a common target of menin/Daxx to treat NET. Cancer Res; 77(2); 401-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Feng
- Shenzhen University College of Medicine, Medical Center and Diabetes Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanmei Sun
- Shenzhen University College of Medicine, Medical Center and Diabetes Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongzhe Jiang
- Shenzhen University College of Medicine, Medical Center and Diabetes Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - John Domsic
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AFCRI, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chiying An
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bowen Xing
- Shenzhen University College of Medicine, Medical Center and Diabetes Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Shenzhen University College of Medicine, Medical Center and Diabetes Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - David C Metz
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, AFCRI, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaosong Ma
- Shenzhen University College of Medicine, Medical Center and Diabetes Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute (AFCRI), Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION A 13-year-old African-American female presented to her primary care physician's office with fatigue, syncope, and hematemesis. After initial evaluation, the patient was referred to pediatric gastroenterology clinic for further evaluation. MAIN CONCERNS, IMPORTANT FINDINGS An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed to evaluate the source of her bleeding. Endoscopy revealed a 3-cm mass in the lesser curvature of the stomach, and a biopsy of the mass revealed a concern for carcinoid (neuroendocrine) features. DIAGNOSIS She underwent an open gastrectomy. Post-surgical pathology reports confirmed a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the stomach. CONCLUSION Neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach in children are rare and we presently do not have pediatric-specific diagnostic and treatment guidelines. Although adult-based The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS) guidelines are helpful, they are clearly not geared toward pediatric patients. To establish pediatric guidelines and to assess effectiveness of treatments, multicenter data collection is essential. In the long run, accumulation of clinically useful treatment information and long-term follow-up guidelines should enable clinicians to improve standard of care given to children with neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gumuscu
- Bon Secours Health System, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia
- Correspondence: Burak Gumuscu, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Bon Secours Health System, St. Mary's Hospital, Richmond, VA (e-mail: ); University of Virginia, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology (e-mail: )
| | - Kevin Norwood
- Bon Secours Health System, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia
| | | | | | - Carl B. Rountree
- Bon Secours Health System, Pediatric Gastroenterology Associates, Richmond, VA
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Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: clinical features, diagnosis and medical treatment: advances. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 26:737-53. [PMID: 23582916 PMCID: PMC3627221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) comprise with gastrointestinal carcinoids, the main groups of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs). Although these two groups of GI-NETs share many features including histological aspects; over-/ectopic expression of somatostatin receptors; the ability to ectopically secrete hormones/peptides/amines which can result in distinct functional syndromes; similar approaches used for tumor localization and some aspects of treatment, it is now generally agreed they should be considered separate. They differ in their pathogenesis, hormonal syndromes produced, many aspects of biological behaviour and most important, in their response to certain anti-tumour treatment (chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapies). In this chapter the clinical features of the different types of pNETs will be considered as well as aspects of their diagnosis and medical treatment of the hormone-excess state. Emphasis will be on controversial areas or recent advances. The other aspects of the management of these tumors (surgery, treatment of advanced disease, tumor localization) are not dealt with here, because they are covered in other chapters in this volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhide Ito
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3- 1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804
| | - Hisato Igarashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3- 1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804
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