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Sayegh ALC, Fan JL, Vianna LC, Dawes M, Paton JFR, Fisher JP. Sex-differences in the sympathetic neurocirculatory responses to chemoreflex activation. J Physiol 2022; 600:2669-2689. [PMID: 35482235 PMCID: PMC9324851 DOI: 10.1113/jp282327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are sex differences in the cardiorespiratory and sympathetic neurocirculatory responses to central, peripheral, and combined central and peripheral chemoreflex activation. Ten women (29 ± 6 years, 22.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2: mean ± SD) and 10 men (30 ± 7 years, 24.8 ± 3.2 kg/m2) undertook randomized 5 min breathing trials of: room air (eucapnia), isocapnic hypoxia (10% oxygen (O2); peripheral chemoreflex activation), hypercapnic hyperoxia (7% carbon dioxide (CO2), 50% O2; central chemoreflex activation) and hypercapnic hypoxia (7% CO2, 10% O2; central and peripheral chemoreflex activation). Control trials of isocapnic hyperoxia (peripheral chemoreflex inhibition) and hypocapnic hyperoxia (central and peripheral chemoreflex inhibition) were also included. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; microneurography), mean arterial pressure (MAP; finger photoplethysmography) and minute ventilation (V˙E; pneumotachometer) were measured. Total MSNA (P = 1.000 and P = 0.616), MAP (P = 0.265) and V˙E (P = 0.587 and P = 0.472) were not different in men and women during eucapnia and during isocapnic hypoxia. Women exhibited attenuated increases in V˙E during hypercapnic hyperoxia (27.3 ± 6.3 vs. 39.5 ± 7.5 l/min, P < 0.0001) and hypercapnic hypoxia (40.9 ± 9.1 vs. 53.8 ± 13.3 l/min, P < 0.0001) compared with men. However, total MSNA responses were augmented in women (hypercapnic hyperoxia 378 ± 215 vs. 258 ± 107%, P = 0.017; hypercapnic hypoxia 607 ± 290 vs. 362 ± 268%, P < 0.0001). No sex differences in total MSNA, MAP or V˙E were observed during isocapnic hyperoxia and hypocapnic hyperoxia. Our results indicate that young women have augmented sympathetic responses to central chemoreflex activation, which explains the augmented MSNA response to combined central and peripheral chemoreflex activation. Key points Sex differences in the control of breathing have been well studied, but whether there are differences in the sympathetic neurocirculatory responses to chemoreflex activation between healthy women and men is incompletely understood. We observed that, compared with young men, young women displayed augmented increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity during both hypercapnic hyperoxia (central chemoreflex activation) and hypercapnic hypoxia (central and peripheral chemoreflex activation) but had attenuated increases in minute ventilation. In contrast, no sex differences were found in either muscle sympathetic nerve activity or minute ventilation responses to isocapnic hypoxia (peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation). Young women have blunted ventilator, but augmented sympathetic responses, to central (hypercapnic hyperoxia) and combined central and peripheral chemoreflex activation (hypercapnic hypoxia), compared with young men. The possible causative association between the reduced ventilation and heightened sympathetic responses in young women awaits validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza C Sayegh
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jui-Lin Fan
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mathew Dawes
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James P Fisher
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Coovadia Y, Adler TE, Martin-Arrowsmith PW, Usselman CW. Sex differences in sympathetic neuro-vascular and neuro-hemodynamic relationships during the cold pressor test. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R411-R420. [PMID: 35293259 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) affects vascular resistance differently in women and men. However, whether this sex difference persists during pronounced increases in MSNA remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in neurovascular transduction during cold pressor test (CPT)-mediated sympatho-excitation. Integrated peroneal MSNA (microneurography) was measured at rest and during a 3-minute CPT in young healthy women (n=11) and men (n=10). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured beat-by-beat (Finometer) and superficial femoral artery blood flow was measured using duplex ultrasound. Femoral vascular resistance (FVR) was quantified as MAP/femoral blood flow (mmHg/mL/min). Baseline MSNA was similar between women and men (14±9 vs 15±9 bursts/100hb, respectively; P=0.83), whereas MAP was lower (86±7 vs 92±4 mmHg; P=0.047), and FVR was greater in women than men (0.54±0.16 vs 0.36±0.15 mmHg/mL/min; P=0.02). CPT-induced increases in MSNA were similar between the sexes (+19±11 vs +26±14 bursts/100hb; P=0.26) while increases in MAP (+7±3 vs +10±3mmHg; P=0.03) and FVR (+3.2±18.6 vs +26.8±12.8%; P<0.01) were smaller in women than men. Within men, CPT- induced increases in MSNA predicted increases in MAP (R2=0.51, P=0.02) and FVR (R2=0.49, P=0.02). However, MSNA did not predict MAP (R2=0.11, P=0.35) or FVR (R2=0.07, P=0.46) in women. Our findings demonstrate that men experience robust CPT-induced MAP responses that are driven by both neuro-vascular (MSNA-FVR) and neuro-hemodynamic (MSNA-MAP) coupling. These relationships were not observed in women, indicating that even during pronounced increases in sympathetic outflow, MSNA is not predictive of vascular nor blood pressure outcomes in young healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Coovadia
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tessa E Adler
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick W Martin-Arrowsmith
- Exercise Metabolism and 6 Nutrition Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charlotte W Usselman
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hansen AB, Moralez G, Amin SB, Simspon LL, Hofstaetter F, Anholm JD, Gasho C, Stembridge M, Dawkins TG, Tymko MM, Ainslie PN, Villafuerte F, Romero SA, Hearon CM, Lawley JS. Global REACH 2018: the adaptive phenotype to life with chronic mountain sickness and polycythaemia. J Physiol 2021; 599:4021-4044. [PMID: 34245004 DOI: 10.1113/jp281730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Humans suffering from polycythaemia undergo multiple circulatory adaptations including changes in blood rheology and structural and functional vascular adaptations to maintain normal blood pressure and vascular shear stresses, despite high blood viscosity. During exercise, several circulatory adaptations are observed, especially involving adrenergic and non-adrenergic mechanisms within non-active and active skeletal muscle to maintain exercise capacity, which is not observed in animal models. Despite profound circulatory stress, i.e. polycythaemia, several adaptations can occur to maintain exercise capacity, therefore making early identification of the disease difficult without overt symptomology. Pharmacological treatment of the background heightened sympathetic activity may impair the adaptive sympathetic response needed to match local oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscle oxygen demand and therefore inadvertently impair exercise capacity. ABSTRACT Excessive haematocrit and blood viscosity can increase blood pressure, cardiac work and reduce aerobic capacity. However, past clinical investigations have demonstrated that certain human high-altitude populations suffering from excessive erythrocytosis, Andeans with chronic mountain sickness, appear to have phenotypically adapted to life with polycythaemia, as their exercise capacity is comparable to healthy Andeans and even with sea-level inhabitants residing at high altitude. By studying this unique population, which has adapted through natural selection, this study aimed to describe how humans can adapt to life with polycythaemia. Experimental studies included Andeans with (n = 19) and without (n = 17) chronic mountain sickness, documenting exercise capacity and characterizing the transport of oxygen through blood rheology, including haemoglobin mass, blood and plasma volume and blood viscosity, cardiac output, blood pressure and changes in total and local vascular resistances through pharmacological dissection of α-adrenergic signalling pathways within non-active and active skeletal muscle. At rest, Andeans with chronic mountain sickness had a substantial plasma volume contraction, which alongside a higher red blood cell volume, caused an increase in blood viscosity yet similar total blood volume. Moreover, both morphological and functional alterations in the periphery normalized vascular shear stress and blood pressure despite high sympathetic nerve activity. During exercise, blood pressure, cardiac work and global oxygen delivery increased similar to healthy Andeans but were sustained by modifications in both non-active and active skeletal muscle vascular function. These findings highlight widespread physiological adaptations that can occur in response to polycythaemia, which allow the maintenance of exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Hansen
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sachin B Amin
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia L Simspon
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Hofstaetter
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James D Anholm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre of Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre of Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francisco Villafuerte
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología del Transporte de Oxígeno, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Steven A Romero
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Institute of Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Klassen SA, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW. Does the broad nature of sympathetic discharge affect our understanding regarding the impact of intermittent hypoxia on neurovascular transduction? J Physiol 2020; 598:2055-2057. [PMID: 32187381 DOI: 10.1113/jp279684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Klassen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Engelland RE, Hemingway HW, Tomasco OG, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Romero SA. Neural control of blood pressure is altered following isolated leg heating in aged humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H976-H984. [PMID: 32142377 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a sustained reduction in arterial blood pressure that occurs in aged adults following exposure to acute leg heating. We tested the hypothesis that acute leg heating would decrease arterial blood pressure in aged adults secondary to sympathoinhibition. We exposed 13 young and 10 aged adults to 45 min of leg heating. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (radial nerve) was measured before leg heating (preheat) and 30 min after (recovery) and is expressed as burst frequency. Neurovascular transduction was examined by assessing the slope of the relation between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and leg vascular conductance measured at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise performed to fatigue. Arterial blood pressure was well maintained in young adults (preheat, 86 ± 6 mmHg vs. recovery, 88 ± 7 mmHg; P = 0.4) due to increased sympathetic nerve activity (preheat, 16 ± 7 bursts/min vs. recovery, 22 ± 10 bursts/min; P < 0.01). However, in aged adults, sympathetic nerve activity did not differ from preheat (37 ± 5 bursts/min) to recovery (33 ± 6 bursts/min, P = 0.1), despite a marked reduction in arterial blood pressure (preheat, 101 ± 7 mmHg vs. recovery, 94 ± 6 mmHg; P < 0.01). Neurovascular transduction did not differ from preheat to recovery for either age group (P ≥ 0.1). The reduction in arterial blood pressure that occurs in aged adults following exposure to acute leg heating is mediated, in part, by a sympathoinhibitory effect that alters the compensatory neural response to hypotension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is a sustained reduction in arterial blood pressure that occurs in aged adults following exposure to acute leg heating. However, the neurovascular mechanisms mediating this response remain unknown. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that this reduction in arterial blood pressure is mediated, in part, by a sympathoinhibitory effect that alters the compensatory neural response to hypotension in aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Engelland
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Holden W Hemingway
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Olivia G Tomasco
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Albert H Olivencia-Yurvati
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas.,Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
| | - Steven A Romero
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft. Worth, Texas
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Reyes LM, Usselman CW, Skow RJ, Charkoudian N, Staab JS, Davenport MH, Steinback CD. Sympathetic neurovascular regulation during pregnancy: A longitudinal case series study. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:318-323. [PMID: 29336094 DOI: 10.1113/ep086771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the main observation in this case? The main observation of this case report is that during pregnancy there is a progressive sympatho-excitation in basal conditions and under stress, which is offset by a concurrent reduction in neurovascular transduction. Strong correlations between autonomic nervous system activity and sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone), vasopressin and aldosterone were found. What insights does it reveal? Our findings suggest that hormonal surges might be associated with central sympathetic activation. ABSTRACT The adaptations of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) during pregnancy remain poorly understood. An increase in blood volume, cardiac output and SNA, with a concomitant drop in total peripheral resistance (TPR), suggest that during pregnancy there is a reduced transduction of SNA into TPR. Most of these findings have originated from cross-sectional studies; thus, we conducted a longitudinal assessment of SNA and TPR in two participants. Measurements were made before pregnancy (early follicular phase), on four occasions during pregnancy and at 2 months postpartum. Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output were used to calculate TPR. The SNA was measured using microneurography (peroneal nerve). There was a gestation-dependent increase in SNA burst frequency (r2 = 0.96, P = 0.009). Neurovascular transduction, however, decreased by 53% in both women. Sympathetic hyperactivity was reversed postpartum, whereas neurovascular transduction remained lower. These longitudinal data highlight the progressive sympatho-excitation of pregnancy, which is offset by a concurrent reduction in neurovascular transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Reyes
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charlotte W Usselman
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel J Skow
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Jeffery S Staab
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Usselman CW, Wakefield PK, Skow RJ, Stickland MK, Chari RS, Julian CG, Steinback CD, Davenport MH. Regulation of sympathetic nerve activity during the cold pressor test in normotensive pregnant and nonpregnant women. Hypertension 2015; 66:858-64. [PMID: 26259593 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Baseline neurovascular transduction is reduced in normotensive pregnancy; however, little is known about changes to neurovascular transduction during periods of heightened sympathetic activation. We tested the hypothesis that, despite an exacerbated muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography) response to cold pressor stimulation, the blunting of neurovascular transduction in normotensive pregnant women would result in similar changes in vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure (Finometer) relative to nonpregnant controls. Baseline neurovascular transduction was reduced in pregnant women relative to controls when expressed as the quotient of both total resistance and mean arterial pressure and sympathetic burst frequency (0.32±0.07 versus 0.58±0.16 mm Hg/L/min/bursts/min, P<0.001 and 2.4±0.7 versus 3.6±0.8 mm Hg/bursts/min, P=0.001). Sympathetic activation was greater across all 3 minutes of cold pressor stimulation in the pregnant women relative to the nonpregnant controls. Peak sympathoexcitation was also greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant women, whether expressed as sympathetic burst frequency (+17±13 versus +7±8 bursts/min, P=0.049), burst incidence (+17±9 versus +6±11 bursts/100 hb, P=0.03), or total activity (+950±660 versus +363±414 arbitrary units, P=0.04). However, neurovascular transduction during peak cold pressor-induced sympathoexcitation remained blunted in pregnant women (0.25±0.11 versus 0.45±0.08 mm Hg/L/min/bursts/min, P<0.001 and 1.9±1.0 versus 3.2±0.9 mm Hg/bursts/min, P=0.006). Therefore, mean arterial pressure (93±21 versus 99±6 mm Hg, P=0.4) and total peripheral resistance (12±3 versus 14±3 mm Hg/L/min) were not different between pregnant and nonpregnant women during peak sympathoexcitation. These data indicate that the third trimester of normotensive pregnancy is associated with reductions in neurovascular transduction, which result in the dissociation of sympathetic outflow from hemodynamic outcomes, even during cold pressor-induced sympathoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte W Usselman
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.)
| | - Paige K Wakefield
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.)
| | - Rachel J Skow
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.)
| | - Michael K Stickland
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.)
| | - Radha S Chari
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.)
| | - Colleen G Julian
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.)
| | - Craig D Steinback
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.)
| | - Margie H Davenport
- From the Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Alberta Diabetes Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (C.W.U., P.K.W., R.J.S., R.S.C., C.D.S., M.H.D.), Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (M.K.S.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (R.S.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (C.G.J.).
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