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Rossi K, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Akl DF, Abalos VG, Heras-Domingo J, Graux R, Hai X, Lu J, Garcia-Gasulla D, López N, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Quantitative Description of Metal Center Organization and Interactions in Single-Atom Catalysts. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307991. [PMID: 37757786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-density single-atom catalysts (UHD-SACs) present unique opportunities for harnessing cooperative effects between neighboring metal centers. However, the lack of tools to establish correlations between the density, types, and arrangements of isolated metal atoms and the support surface properties hinders efforts to engineer advanced material architectures. Here, this work precisely describes the metal center organization in various mono- and multimetallic UHD-SACs based on nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) supports by coupling transmission electron microscopy with tailored machine-learning methods (released as a user-friendly web app) and density functional theory simulations. This approach quantifies the non-negligible presence of multimers with increasing atom density, characterizes the size and shape of these low-nuclearity clusters, and identifies surface atom density criteria to ensure isolation. Further, it provides previously inaccessible experimental insights into coordination site arrangements in the NC host, uncovering a repulsive interaction that influences the disordered distribution of metal centers in UHD-SACs. This observation holds in multimetallic systems, where chemically-specific analysis quantifies the degree of intermixing. These fundamental insights into the materials chemistry of single-atom catalysts are crucial for designing catalytic systems with superior reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rossi
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcellí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Dario Faust Akl
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier Heras-Domingo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Romain Graux
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Hai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Dario Garcia-Gasulla
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça d'Eusebi Güell 1-3, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Nuria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Vrdoljak V, Hrenar T, Rubčić M, Pavlović G, Friganović T, Cindrić M. Ligand-Modulated Nuclearity and Geometry in Nickel(II) Hydrazone Complexes: From Mononuclear Complexes to Acetato- and/or Phenoxido-Bridged Clusters. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031909. [PMID: 36768232 PMCID: PMC9915932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity of 4-hydroxybenzhydrazone-related ligands derived from 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde (H2L3OMe), 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (H2L4OMe), and salicylaldehyde (H2LH) to act as chelating and/or bridging ligands in Ni(II) complexes was investigated. Three clusters of different nuclearities, [Ni3(L3OMe)2(OAc)2(MeOH)2]∙2MeOH∙MeCN (1∙2MeOH∙MeCN), [Ni2(HL4OMe)(L4OMe)(OAc)(MeOH)2]∙4.7MeOH (2∙4.7MeOH), and [Ni4(HLH)2(LH)2(OAc)2]∙4MeOH·0.63H2O·0.5MeCN·HOAc (3∙4MeOH·0.63H2O·0.5MeCN·HOAc), were prepared from Ni(OAc)2∙4H2O and the corresponding ligand in the presence of Et3N. The hydrazones in these acetato- and phenoxido-bridged clusters acted as singly or doubly deprotonated ligands. When pyridine was used, mononuclear complexes with the square-planar geometry seemed to be favoured, as found for complexes [Ni(L3OMe)(py)] (4), [Ni(L4Ome)(py)] (5) and [Ni(LH)(py)] (6). Ligand substituent effects and the stability of square-planar complexes were investigated and quantified by extensive quantum chemical analysis. Obtained results showed that standard Gibbs energies of binding were lower for square-planar than for octahedral complexes. Starting from [MoO2(L)(EtOH)] complexes as precursors and applying the metal-exchange procedure, the mononuclear complexes [Ni(HL3OMe)2]∙MeOH (7∙MeOH) and [Ni(HLH)]∙2MeOH (9∙2MeOH) and hybrid organic-inorganic compound [Ni2(HL4OMe)2(CH3OH)4][Mo4O10(OCH3)6] (10) were achieved. The octahedral complexes [Ni(HL)2] (7-9) can also be obtained by the direct synthesis from Ni(Oac)2∙4H2O and the appropriate ligand under specific reaction conditions. Crystal and molecular structures of 1∙2MeOH∙MeCN, 2∙4.7MeOH, 3∙4MeOH∙0.63H2O∙0.5MeCN∙HOAc, 4, 5, 9∙2MeOH, and 10 were determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Višnja Vrdoljak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4606353
| | - Tomica Hrenar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pavlović
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friganović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Cindrić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Sorenson S, Popova M, Arif AM, Berreau LM. A bipyridine-ligated zinc(II) complex with bridging flavonolate ligation: synthesis, characterization, and visible-light-induced CO release reactivity. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2017; 73:703-709. [PMID: 28872068 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229617011366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal-flavonolate compounds are of significant current interest as synthetic models for quercetinase enzymes and as bioactive compounds of importance to human health. Zinc-3-hydroxyflavonolate compounds, including those of quercetin, kampferol, and morin, generally exhibit bidentate coordination to a single ZnII center. The bipyridine-ligated zinc-flavonolate compound reported herein, namely bis(μ-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-3-olato)-κ3O3:O3,O4;κ3O3,O4:O3-bis[(2,2'-bipyridine-κ2N,N')zinc(II)] bis(perchlorate), {[Zn2(C15H9O3)2(C10H8N2)2](ClO4)2}n, (1), provides an unusual example of bridging 3-hydroxyflavonolate ligation in a dinuclear metal complex. The symmetry-related ZnII centers of (1) exhibit a distorted octahedral geometry, with weak coordination of a perchlorate anion trans to the bridging deprotonated O atom of the flavonolate ligand. Variable-concentration conductivity measurements provide evidence that, when (1) is dissolved in CH3CN, the complex dissociates into monomers. 1H NMR resonances for (1) dissolved in d6-DMSO were assigned via HMQC to the H atoms of the flavonolate and bipyridine ligands. In CH3CN, (1) undergoes quantitative visible-light-induced CO release with a quantum yield [0.004 (1)] similar to that exhibited by other mononuclear zinc-3-hydroxyflavonolate complexes. Mass spectroscopic identification of the [(bpy)2Zn(O-benzoylsalicylate)]+ ion provides evidence of CO release from the flavonol and of ligand exchange at the ZnII center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Sorenson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| | - Marina Popova
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| | - Atta M Arif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Rm 1170, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, USA
| | - Lisa M Berreau
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
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