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Sisma-Ventura G, Belkin N, Rubin-Blum M, Jacobson Y, Hauzer H, Bar-Zeev E, Rahav E. Discharge of Polyphosphonate-Based Antiscalants via Desalination Brine: Impact on Seabed Nutrient Flux and Microbial Activity. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13142-13151. [PMID: 36044758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Desalination brine is a hypersaline byproduct that contains various operational chemicals such as polyphosphonate-based antiscalants. Brine often sinks and flows over the seabed by density currents; therefore, it may affect sediment-water nutrient fluxes and thus microbial activity. We quantified these parameters in brine plumes around two large-scale desalination facilities located in the P-limited Southeastern Mediterranean Sea. The benthic nutrient fluxes and microbial activity were determined using ex-situ core benthocosms, to which we added brine from the dispersion area in excess salinities of ∼3% and 5% above natural levels. A higher influx of dissolved organic phosphorus (∼6-fold) and an efflux of dissolved organic carbon (∼1.7-fold) were measured in the brine-amended cores relative to the controls. This was accompanied by increased oxygen consumption (15%) and increased microbial activity (∼1.5-6.5-fold). Field observations support the results from experimental manipulations, yielding ∼4.5-fold higher microbial activity rates around the brine plume compared to uninfluenced locations. Our results imply that desalination brine can alter sedimentary processes affecting benthic nutrients inventories. Moreover, we show that brine acts as a vector of anthropogenic P, stimulating microbial activity in the sediment-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Sisma-Ventura
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, 8030, Israel 310800
| | - Natalia Belkin
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, 8030, Israel 310800
| | - Maxim Rubin-Blum
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, 8030, Israel 310800
| | - Yitzhak Jacobson
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, 8030, Israel 310800
| | - Hagar Hauzer
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, 8030, Israel 310800
| | - Edo Bar-Zeev
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Eyal Rahav
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, 8030, Israel 310800
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Li J, Sellner K, Place A, Cornwell J, Gao Y. Mitigation of CyanoHABs Using Phoslock ® to Reduce Water Column Phosphorus and Nutrient Release from Sediment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182413360. [PMID: 34948971 PMCID: PMC8705183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms can be stimulated by excessive phosphorus (P) input, especially when diazotrophs are the dominant species. A series of mesocosm experiments were conducted in a lake dominated by a cyanobacteria bloom to study the effects of Phoslock®, a phosphorus adsorbent. The results showed that the addition of Phoslock® lowered the soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) concentrations in water due to efficient adsorption and mitigated the blooms. Once settled on the sediments, Phoslock® serves as a barrier to reduce P diffusion from sediments into the overlying waters. In short-term (1 day) incubation experiments, Phoslock® diminished or reversed SRP effluxes from bottom sediments. At the same time, the upward movement of the oxic-anoxic interface through the sediment column slightly enhanced NH4+ release and depressed N2 release, suggesting the inhibition of nitrification and denitrification. In a long-term (28 days) experiment, Phoslock® hindered the P release, reduced the cyanobacterial abundance, and alleviated the bloom-driven enhancements in the pH and oxygen. These results suggest that, through suppression of internal nutrient effluxes, Phoslock® can be used as an effective control technology to reduce cyanobacteria blooms common to many freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China;
| | - Kevin Sellner
- Center for Coastal & Watershed Studies, Hood College, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
| | - Allen Place
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Cornwell
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA;
| | - Yonghui Gao
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15026761772
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Ayvazian S, Ray NE, Gerber-Williams A, Grabbert S, Pimenta A, Hancock B, Cobb D, Strobel C, Fulweiler R. Evaluating connections between nitrogen cycling and the macrofauna in native oyster beds in a New England estuary. Estuaries Coast 2021; 45:196-212. [PMID: 35356701 PMCID: PMC8958940 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-021-00954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts to quantify biogeochemical and ecological processes in oyster habitats have focused on provision of habitat and regulation of the nitrogen cycle. However, it is unclear how these two processes may interact. In this study, seasonal patterns of habitat use and nitrogen removal from natural oyster beds were quantified for comparison with nearby bare sediment in Green Hill Pond, a temperate coastal lagoon in Rhode Island USA. Relationships were tested between benthic macrofaunal abundance and nitrogen removal via denitrification and burial in sediments. Nitrogen removal by oyster bio-assimilation was quantified and compared with nearby oyster aquaculture. Despite limited differences in habitat use by macrofauna, there were fewer non-oyster benthic organisms (e.g., filter-feeders, detritivores) where oysters were present, possibly due to competition for resources. Additionally, low rugosity of the native oyster beds provided little refuge value for prey. There was a shift from net N removal via denitrification in bare sediments to nitrogen fixation beneath oysters, though this change was not statistically significant (t(96) = 1.201; p = 0.233). Sediments contained low concentrations of N, however sediments beneath oysters contained almost twice as much N (0.07%) as bare sediments (0.04%; p < 0.001). There was no difference in tissue N content between wild oysters and those raised in aquaculture nearby, though caged oysters had more tissue per shell mass and length, and therefore removed more N on a shell length basis. These oyster beds lacked the complex structure of 3-dimensional oyster reefs which may have diminished their ability to provide habitat for refugia, foraging sites for macrofauna, and conditions known to stimulate denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.G. Ayvazian
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Nicholas E. Ray
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston MA 02215
| | - Anna Gerber-Williams
- ORISE participant, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Sinead Grabbert
- ORISE participant, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Adam Pimenta
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Boze Hancock
- The Nature Conservancy, 215 South Ferry Road, U.R.I. Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Donald Cobb
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Charles Strobel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - R.W. Fulweiler
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston MA 02215
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Freitas FS, Hendry KR, Henley SF, Faust JC, Tessin AC, Stevenson MA, Abbott GD, März C, Arndt S. Benthic-pelagic coupling in the Barents Sea: an integrated data-model framework. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190359. [PMID: 32862804 PMCID: PMC7481668 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Barents Sea is experiencing long-term climate-driven changes, e.g. modification in oceanographic conditions and extensive sea ice loss, which can lead to large, yet unquantified disruptions to ecosystem functioning. This key region hosts a large fraction of Arctic primary productivity. However, processes governing benthic and pelagic coupling are not mechanistically understood, limiting our ability to predict the impacts of future perturbations. We combine field observations with a reaction-transport model approach to quantify organic matter (OM) processing and disentangle its drivers. Sedimentary OM reactivity patterns show no gradients relative to sea ice extent, being mostly driven by seafloor spatial heterogeneity. Burial of high reactivity, marine-derived OM is evident at sites influenced by Atlantic Water (AW), whereas low reactivity material is linked to terrestrial inputs on the central shelf. Degradation rates are mainly driven by aerobic respiration (40-75%), being greater at sites where highly reactive material is buried. Similarly, ammonium and phosphate fluxes are greater at those sites. The present-day AW-dominated shelf might represent the future scenario for the entire Barents Sea. Our results represent a baseline systematic understanding of seafloor geochemistry, allowing us to anticipate changes that could be imposed on the pan-Arctic in the future if climate-driven perturbations persist. This article is part of the theme issue 'The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S. Freitas
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
- BGeosys, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CP 160/02, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- e-mail:
| | - Katharine R. Hendry
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Sian F. Henley
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Johan C. Faust
- Schoof of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9TJ Leeds, UK
| | - Allyson C. Tessin
- Schoof of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9TJ Leeds, UK
- Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 4424, USA
| | - Mark A. Stevenson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Drummond Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Geoffrey D. Abbott
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Drummond Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Christian März
- Schoof of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9TJ Leeds, UK
| | - Sandra Arndt
- BGeosys, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CP 160/02, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Morata N, Michaud E, Poullaouec MA, Devesa J, Le Goff M, Corvaisier R, Renaud PE. Climate change and diminishing seasonality in Arctic benthic processes. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190369. [PMID: 32862805 PMCID: PMC7481667 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The iconic picture of Arctic marine ecosystems shows an intense pulse of biological productivity around the spring bloom that is sustained while fresh organic matter (OM) is available, after which ecosystem activity declines to basal levels in autumn and winter. We investigated seasonality in benthic biogeochemical cycling at three stations in a high Arctic fjord that has recently lost much of its seasonal ice-cover. Unlike observations from other Arctic locations, we find little seasonality in sediment community respiration and bioturbation rates, although different sediment reworking modes varied through the year. Nutrient fluxes did vary, suggesting that, although OM was processed at similar rates, seasonality in its quality led to spring/summer peaks in inorganic nitrogen and silicate fluxes. These patterns correspond to published information on seasonality in vertical flux at the stations. Largely ice-free Kongsfjorden has a considerable detrital pool in soft sediments which sustain benthic communities over the year. Sources of this include macroalgae and terrestrial runoff. Climate change leading to less ice cover, higher light availability and expanded benthic habitat may lead to more detrital carbon in the system, dampening the quantitative importance of seasonal pulses of phytodetritus to seafloor communities in some areas of the Arctic. This article is part of the theme issue 'The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Morata
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzane, France
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, PO Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Emma Michaud
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzane, France
- e-mail:
| | | | - Jérémy Devesa
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzane, France
| | - Manon Le Goff
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzane, France
| | | | - Paul E. Renaud
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, PO Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
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Johnson C, Schweinhart S, Buffam I. Plant species richness enhances nitrogen retention in green roof plots. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:2130-2144. [PMID: 27755723 DOI: 10.1890/15-1850.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated (green) roofs have become common in many cities and are projected to continue to increase in coverage, but little is known about the ecological properties of these engineered ecosystems. In this study, we tested the biodiversity-ecosystem function hypothesis using commercially available green roof trays as replicated plots with varying levels of plant species richness (0, 1, 3, or 6 common green roof species per plot, using plants with different functional characteristics). We estimated accumulated plant biomass near the peak of the first full growing season (July 2013) and measured runoff volume after nearly every rain event from September 2012 to September 2013 (33 events) and runoff fluxes of inorganic nutrients ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate from a subset of 10 events. We found that (1) total plant biomass increased with increasing species richness, (2) green roof plots were effective at reducing storm runoff, with vegetation increasing water retention more than soil-like substrate alone, but there was no significant effect of plant species identity or richness on runoff volume, (3) green roof substrate was a significant source of phosphate, regardless of presence/absence of plants, and (4) dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = nitrate + ammonium) runoff fluxes were different among plant species and decreased significantly with increasing plant species richness. The variation in N retention was positively related to variation in plant biomass. Notably, the increased biomass and N retention with species richness in this engineered ecosystem are similar to patterns observed in published studies from grasslands and other well-studied ecosystems. We suggest that more diverse plantings on vegetated roofs may enhance the retention capacity for reactive nitrogen. This is of importance for the sustained health of vegetated roof ecosystems, which over time often experience nitrogen limitation, and is also relevant for water quality in receiving waters downstream of green roofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 614 Rieveschl Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA
| | - Shelbye Schweinhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 614 Rieveschl Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA
| | - Ishi Buffam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 614 Rieveschl Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA.
- Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, 401 Braunstein Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA.
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Pottier M, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Yoshimoto K, Thomine S. Autophagy as a possible mechanism for micronutrient remobilization from leaves to seeds. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:11. [PMID: 24478789 PMCID: PMC3900762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed formation is an important step of plant development which depends on nutrient allocation. Uptake from soil is an obvious source of nutrients which mainly occurs during vegetative stage. Because seed filling and leaf senescence are synchronized, subsequent mobilization of nutrients from vegetative organs also play an essential role in nutrient use efficiency, providing source-sink relationships. However, nutrient accumulation during the formation of seeds may be limited by their availability in source tissues. While several mechanisms contributing to make leaf macronutrients available were already described, little is known regarding micronutrients such as metals. Autophagy, which is involved in nutrient recycling, was already shown to play a critical role in nitrogen remobilization to seeds during leaf senescence. Because it is a non-specific mechanism, it could also control remobilization of metals. This article reviews actors and processes involved in metal remobilization with emphasis on autophagy and methodology to study metal fluxes inside the plant. A better understanding of metal remobilization is needed to improve metal use efficiency in the context of biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Pottier
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal-UPR2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, CNRS, Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin-UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin-UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, AgroParisTech, VersaillesFrance
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin-UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin-UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, AgroParisTech, VersaillesFrance
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal-UPR2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, CNRS, Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
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Green AJ, Elmberg J. Ecosystem services provided by waterbirds. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:105-22. [PMID: 23786594 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystem services are ecosystem processes that directly or indirectly benefit human well-being. There has been much recent literature identifying different services and the communities and species that provide them. This is a vital first step towards management and maintenance of these services. In this review, we specifically address the waterbirds, which play key functional roles in many aquatic ecosystems, including as predators, herbivores and vectors of seeds, invertebrates and nutrients, although these roles have often been overlooked. Waterbirds can maintain the diversity of other organisms, control pests, be effective bioindicators of ecological conditions, and act as sentinels of potential disease outbreaks. They also provide important provisioning (meat, feathers, eggs, etc.) and cultural services to both indigenous and westernized societies. We identify key gaps in the understanding of ecosystem services provided by waterbirds and areas for future research required to clarify their functional role in ecosystems and the services they provide. We consider how the economic value of these services could be calculated, giving some examples. Such valuation will provide powerful arguments for waterbird conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Green
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract
The structure and function of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) forests were investigated in relation to nutrient dynamics in 5- to 15-year-old stands growing in central Himalaya. Nutrient concentrations and storage in different layers of vegetation were in the order: tree > shrub > herb. Forest soil, litter and vegetation accounted for 80.1-91.9, 1.0-1.5 and 7.0-18.4%, respectively, of the total nutrients in the system. There were considerable reductions (trees 32.8-43.1; shrubs 26.2-32.4; and herbs 18-8-22-2%) in nutrient concentrations of leaves during senescence. Nutrient uptake by the vegetation as a whole and also by the different components, with and without adjustment for internal recycling, was investigated. Annual transfer of litter nutrients to the soil from vegetation was 74.8-108.4 kg ha(-1) year(-1) N, 56.8-4 kg ha(-1) year(-1) P and 38.7-46.9 kg ha(-1) year(-1) K. Turnover rate and time for different nutrients ranged between 56 and 66 % year(-1) and 1.5 and 1.8 years, respectively. The turnover rate of litter indicates that over 50% of nutrients in litter on the forest floor are released, which ultimately enhances the productivity of the forest stand. The nutrient use efficiency in Shisham forests ranged from 136 to 143 kg ha(-1) year(-1) for N, 1,441 to 1,570 kg ha(-1) year(-1) for P and 305 to 311 kg ha(-1) year(-1) for K. Compared with natural oak forest (265 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and an exotic eucalypt plantation (18 kg ha(-1) year(-1), a higher proportion of nutrients was retranslocated in Shisham forests, largely because of higher leaf tissue nutrient concentrations. This indicates a lower nutrient use efficiency of Shisham compared with eucalypt and oak. Compartment models for nutrient dynamics have been developed to represent the distribution of nutrients pools and net annual fluxes within the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- NEELU LODHIYAL
- Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital‐263002, Uttaranchal, India
| | - L. S. LODHIYAL
- Department of Forestry, Kumaun University Campus, Almora, Pin‐263601, Uttaranchal, India
| | - Y. P. S. PANGTEY
- Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital‐263002, Uttaranchal, India
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