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Xie P, Cecchi L, Bellumori M, Balli D, Giovannelli L, Huang L, Mulinacci N. Phenolic Compounds and Triterpenes in Different Olive Tissues and Olive Oil By-Products, and Cytotoxicity on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells: The Case of Frantoio, Moraiolo and Leccino Cultivars ( Olea europaea L.). Foods 2021; 10:foods10112823. [PMID: 34829103 PMCID: PMC8618932 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic and triterpenoid compounds of the olive tree are recognized as having a key role in health promotion, thanks to their multiple protective actions in humans. To expand the source of these bioactive compounds, the phenolic and triterpenoid profiles of leaf, branch, destoned fruit, destoned pomace, shell, seed, and extra virgin olive oil from the Frantoio, Leccino, and Moraiolo olive cultivars were simultaneously characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS. Overall, 43 molecules were quantitated and expressed on the obtained dry extracts. Oleuropein was mainly concentrated in branches (82.72 g/kg), fruits (55.79 g/kg), leaves (36.71 g/kg), and shells (1.26 g/kg), verbascoside (4.88 g/kg) in pomace, and nüzhenide 11-methyl oleoside (90.91 g/kg) in seeds. Among triterpenoids, which were absent in shells, the highest amount of oleanolic acid was found in olive leaves (11.88 g/kg). HCT-116 colorectal cells were chosen to assess the cytotoxicity of the dry extract, using the phytocomplex from Frantoio, which was the richest in phenols and triterpenoids. The IC50 was also determined for 13 pure molecules (phenols and terpenoids) detected in the extracts. The greatest inhibition on the cell’s proliferation was induced by the branch dry extract (IC50 88.25 μg/mL) and by ursolic acid (IC50 24 μM). A dose-dependent relationship was observed for the tested extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujun Xie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; (P.X.); (L.H.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Diletta Balli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lixin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; (P.X.); (L.H.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0554573773
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