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Alamery S, AlAjmi A, Wani TA, Zargar S. In Silico and In Vitro Exploration of Poziotinib and Olmutinib Synergy in Lung Cancer: Role of hsa-miR-7-5p in Regulating Apoptotic Pathway Marker Genes. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1923. [PMID: 38003971 PMCID: PMC10673591 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is often caused by EGFR mutations, leading to overactive cell growth pathways. Drug resistance is a significant challenge in lung cancer treatment, affecting therapy effectiveness and patient survival. However, combining drugs in research shows promise in addressing or delaying resistance, offering a more effective approach to cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the potential alterations in the apoptotic pathway in A549 cells induced by a combined targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) olmutinib and poziotinib, focusing on cell proliferation, differential gene expression, and in silico analysis of apoptotic markers. Methods: A combined targeted therapy involving olmutinib and poziotinib was investigated for its impact on the apoptotic pathway in A549 cells. Cell proliferation, quantitative differential gene expression, and in silico analysis of apoptotic markers were examined. A549 cells were treated with varying concentrations (1, 2.5, and 5 μM) of poziotinib, olmutinib, and their combination. Results: Treatment with poziotinib, olmutinib, and their combination significantly reduced cell proliferation, with the most pronounced effect at 2.5 μM (p < 0.005). A synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed with the combination of poziotinib and olmutinib (p < 0.0005). Quantitative differential gene expression showed synergistic action of the drug combination, impacting key apoptotic genes including STK-11, Bcl-2, Bax, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In silico analysis revealed direct interactions between EGFR and ERBB2 genes, accounting for 77.64% of their interactions, and 8% co-expression with downstream apoptotic genes. Molecular docking indicated strong binding of poziotinib and olmutinib to extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway markers, with binding energies of -9.4 kcal/mol and -8.5 kcal/mol, respectively, on interacting with STK-11. Conclusions: Combining poziotinib and olmutinib therapies may significantly improve drug tolerance and conquer drug resistance more effectively than using them individually in lung cancer patients, as suggested by this study's mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Anfal AlAjmi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Tanveer A. Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.A.)
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Kou SB, Li L, Zhang RJ, Shi JH, Jiang SL. Elucidation of the interaction mechanism of olmutinib with human α-1 acid glycoprotein: insights from spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:525-537. [PMID: 34844510 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2009373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Olmutinib, the third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is applied in treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study is to elucidate the interaction mechanism of olmutinib with human α-1 acid glycoprotein (HAG), an important carrier protein, by mean of multi-spectroscopic and molecular simulation techniques. Fluorescence spectral results confirmed that the fluorescence of this carrier protein can be quenched by olmutinib in the static quenching mode, and this anticancer drug possesses a moderate binding affinity on HAG. The evidence from thermodynamic analysis, replacement interaction with ANS and sucrose, and computational simulation results showed that hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces involved the olmutinib-HAG complexation process. The results from UV-vis, 3D fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy proved that binding anticancer drug olmutinib caused the alteration in the microenvironment around Trp residues. And, circular dichroism spectral results provided the support for the conformational alterations in the carrier protein. The data also proved that olmutinib preferably bound to the hydrophobic cavity of HAG and the binding distance between the two was 2.21 nm. In addition, it can be found that the presence of some metal ions such as Zn2+, Ca2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ would exert a certain extent effect on the olmutinib-HAG complexation process.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Bo Kou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Juan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Hua Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Liang Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Alamery S, Zargar S, Yaseen F, Wani TA, Siyal A. Evaluation of the Effect of Wheat Germ Oil and Olmutinib on the Thioacetamide-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Mice. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:900. [PMID: 35743930 DOI: 10.3390/life12060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TAA) intoxication produces a reproducible standard animal model of induced liver and kidney injuries where free radicals are produced by phase I oxidation reactions, which eventually leads to liver and kidney failure. Wheat germ oil (WGO) is a unique food supplement with concentrated nutrient efficiency and has remarkable antioxidant functions. Olmutinib, on the other hand, is a chemotherapy drug considered safe for kidneys and the liver. Therefore, in this study, WGO and olmutinib were investigated for their effect on TAA-induced liver and kidney damage. Inflammatory markers; interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β); IL-6; and the levels of enzymatic markers ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase), and CK (creatinine kinase) in serum for liver and kidney were analyzed and evaluated along with histopathological changes in the tissue. Thirty male mice 4–6 weeks of age were grouped into five groups of six animals: the control group (saline) and the other groups (Groups II to V), which were given thioacetamide for two weeks. In addition, Group II continued with TAA; Group III was given olmutinib (30 mg/kg), Group IV was given the wheat germ oil (WGO) (1400 mg/kg), and Group V was given (olmutinib (30 mg/kg) + WGO (1400 mg/kg)) for five days. The results suggested that olmutinib treatment potentiated TAA-induced liver and kidney injury. At the same time, WGO efficiently alleviated TAA and TAA–olmutinib toxicity in Groups IV and V. The histological studies also showed reduced damage with WGO in the animal model. Hence, it was concluded that WGO could significantly reduce liver and kidney damage caused by TAA and olmutinib in mice.
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Almalki FA, Shawky AM, Abdalla AN, Gouda AM. Icotinib, Almonertinib, and Olmutinib: A 2D Similarity/Docking-Based Study to Predict the Potential Binding Modes and Interactions into EGFR. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216423. [PMID: 34770832 PMCID: PMC8588130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, a 2D similarity/docking-based study was used to predict the potential binding modes of icotinib, almonertinib, and olmutinib into EGFR. The similarity search of icotinib, almonertinib, and olmutinib against a database of 154 EGFR ligands revealed the highest similarity scores with erlotinib (0.9333), osimertinib (0.9487), and WZ4003 (0.8421), respectively. In addition, the results of the docking study of the three drugs into EGFR revealed high binding free energies (ΔGb = −6.32 to −8.42 kcal/mol) compared to the co-crystallized ligands (ΔGb = −7.03 to −8.07 kcal/mol). Analysis of the top-scoring poses of the three drugs was done to identify their potential binding modes. The distances between Cys797 in EGFR and the Michael acceptor sites in almonertinib and olmutinib were determined. In conclusion, the results could provide insights into the potential binding characteristics of the three drugs into EGFR which could help in the design of new more potent analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal A. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Central Laboratory for Micro-analysis, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf N. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medicinal And Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum 2404, Sudan
| | - Ahmed M. Gouda
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-1126897483; Fax: +20-822162133
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Park K, Jӓnne PA, Kim DW, Han JY, Wu MF, Lee JS, Kang JH, Lee DH, Cho BC, Yu CJ, Pang YK, Felip E, Kim H, Baek E, Noh YS. Olmutinib in T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer after failure of first-line epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy: A global, phase 2 study. Cancer 2021; 127:1407-1416. [PMID: 33434335 PMCID: PMC8247868 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background In this open‐label, international phase 2 study, the authors assessed the efficacy and safety of olmutinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had a confirmed T790M mutation and disease progression on previous epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Methods Patients aged ≥20 years received once‐daily oral olmutinib 800 mg continuously in 21‐day cycles. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (patients who had a confirmed best overall response of a complete or partial response), assessed by central review. Secondary endpoints included the disease control rate, the duration of objective response, progression‐free survival, and overall survival. Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03). Results Overall, 162 patients (median age, 63 years; women, >60%) were enrolled from 68 sites in 9 countries. At the time of database cutoff, 23.5% of enrolled patients remained on treatment. The median treatment duration was 6.5 months (range, 0.03‐21.68 months). Overall, 46.3% of patients (95% CI, 38.4%‐54.3%) had a confirmed objective response (all partial responses). The best overall response (the objective response rate regardless of confirmation) was 51.9% (84 patients; 95% CI, 43.9%‐59.8%). The confirmed disease control rate for all patients was 86.4% (95% CI, 80.2%‐91.3%). The median duration of objective response was 12.7 months (95% CI, 8.3‐15.4 months). Estimated median progression‐free survival was 9.4 months (95% CI, 6.9‐12.3 months), and estimated median overall survival was 19.7 months (95% CI, 15.1 months to not reached). All patients experienced treatment‐emergent adverse events, and 71.6% of patients had grade ≥3 treatment‐emergent adverse events. Conclusions Olmutinib has meaningful clinical activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with T790M‐positive non–small cell lung cancer who received previous epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Olmutinib (HM61713) is a third‐generation, mutation‐specific epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets mutant‐type EGFR and has minimal activity against wild‐type EGFR. This open‐label, international phase 2 study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of oral olmutinib 800 mg once daily in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non–small cell lung cancer who have a confirmed T790M mutation and disease progression on previous EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pasi A Jӓnne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, The Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Han
- National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Fang Wu
- Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Seok Lee
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong Kek Pang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Enriqueta Felip
- Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Baek
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Su Noh
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Abdelhameed AS. Detection and characterization of olmutinib reactive metabolites by LC-MS/MS: Elucidation of bioactivation pathways. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:708-718. [PMID: 31788977 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olmutinib (Olita™) is an orally bioavailable third generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Olmutinib was approved in South Korea in May 2016 for the treatment of patients suffering from locally advanced or metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Reactive olmutinib intermediates may be responsible for the severe side effects associated with the treatment. However, literature review revealed no previous reports on the structural identification of reactive olmutinib metabolites. In this work, the formation of reactive olmutinib metabolites in rat liver microsomes was investigated. Methoxylamine, glutathione, and potassium cyanide were used as capturing agents for aldehyde, iminoquinones, and iminium intermediates, respectively. The stable complexes formed were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The major phase I metabolic pathway observed in vitro was hydroxylation of the piperazine ring. Seven potential reactive intermediates were characterized, including three iminium ions, three iminoquinones, and one aldehyde. Based on the findings, various bioactivation pathways were postulated. Hence, identifying the reactive intermediates of olmutinib that may be the cause of severe side effects can provide new insights, leading to improved treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Noh YS, Yoon S, Kim SR, Lee KT, Jang IJ. A safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenomic and population pharmacokinetic analysis of the third-generation EGFR TKI, olmutinib (HM61713), after single oral administration in healthy volunteers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:370-381. [PMID: 31125491 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this phase I trial was to investigate pharmacokinetics (PKs) of olmutinib in three racial subjects. We also evaluate safety/tolerability and a population PK and pharmacogenomic analysis were performed for explorative purposes. A dose escalation study was conducted in 56 Korean, Japanese and Caucasian subjects. The food effect was assessed in the 300 mg Korean group. Individual PK parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods and presented by dose and race. Genotype analysis was performed using DMET® plus to identify genotypes which affect PK characteristics. A population PK model was developed to explore inter-individual variability and to evaluate the influence of possible covariates using NONMEM® . Tmax was 2-3 hour, regardless of race. The mean terminal half-life ranged from 4.8 to 7.4 hour, with no significant differences between dose or racial groups. Dose-normalized Cmax and AUClast were not significantly different between race groups. PK parameters were similar between the fasting and fed conditions. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the GSTM3 gene (rs4783) and a copy number variation in the GSTM1 gene were significantly related to AUC. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption adequately described the observed olmutinib data. Thirty adverse events were observed in 15 subjects, of which 26 events, all mild, were possibly related to olmutinib. A single oral dose of olmutinib 100-300 mg was safe and well tolerated. PK parameters were dose-proportional and did not differ by race. Food intake did not affect olmutinib absorption. Pharmacogenomic analysis indicated that glutathione S-transferase might be involved in olmutinib metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Su Noh
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonghae Yoon
- Clinical Trials Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Ran Kim
- Clinical Research and Development, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang W, Fan YF, Cai CY, Wang JQ, Teng QX, Lei ZN, Zeng L, Gupta P, Chen ZS. Olmutinib (BI1482694/HM61713), a Novel Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Reverses ABCG2-Mediated Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1097. [PMID: 30356705 PMCID: PMC6189370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main characteristic of tumor cell resistance is multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is the principle cause of the decline in clinical efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. There are several mechanisms that could cause MDR. Among these, one of the most important mechanisms underlying MDR is the overexpression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) super-family of transporters, which effectively pump out cytotoxic agents and targeted anticancer drugs across the cell membrane. In recent years, studies found that ABC transporters and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) interact with each other. TKIs may behave as substrates or inhibitors depending on the expression of specific pumps, drug concentration, their affinity for the transporters and types of co-administered agents. Therefore, we performed in vitro experiments to observe whether olmutinib could reverse MDR in cancer cells overexpressing ABCB1, ABCG2, or ABCC1 transporters. The results showed that olmutinib at 3 μM significantly reversed drug resistance mediated by ABCG2, but not by ABCB1 and ABCC1, by antagonizing the drug efflux function in ABCG2-overexpressing cells. In addition, olmutinib at reversal concentration affected neither the protein expression level nor the localization of ABCG2. The results observed from the accumulation/efflux study of olmutinib showed that olmutinib reversed ABCG2-mediated MDR with an increasing intracellular drug accumulation due to inhibited drug efflux. We also had consistent results with the ATPase assay that olmutinib stimulated ATPase activity of ABCG2 up to 3.5-fold. Additionally, the molecular interaction between olmutinib and ABCG2 was identified by docking simulation. Olmutinib not only interacts directly with ABCG2 but also works as a competitive inhibitor of the transport protein. In conclusion, olmutinib could reverse ABCG2-mediated MDR. The reversal effect of olmutinib on ABCG2-mediated MDR cells is not due to ABCG2 expression or intracellular localization, but rather related to its interaction with ABCG2 protein resulting in drug efflux inhibition and ATPase stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Ying-Fang Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Jing-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zi-Ning Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Leli Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
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