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He Y, Chen Y. The Potential of Exosomes for Osteoporosis Treatment: A Review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:979-989. [PMID: 38562519 PMCID: PMC10984200 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s437596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
As a continuous process comprising bone resorption and formation, bone remodeling, plays an essential role in maintaining the balance of bone metabolism. One type of metabolic osteopathy is osteoporosis, which is defined by low bone mass and deteriorating bone microstructure. Osteoporosis patients are more likely to experience frequent osteoporotic fractures, which makes osteoporosis prevention and treatment crucial. A growing body of research has revealed that exosomes, which are homogenous vesicles released by most cell types, play a major role in mediating a number of pathophysiological processes, including osteoporosis. Exosomes may act as a mediator in cell-to-cell communication and offer a fresh perspective on information sharing. This review discusses the characteristics of exosomes and outlines the exosomes' underlying mechanism that contributes to the onset of osteoporosis. Recent years have seen a rise in interest in the role of exosomes in osteoporosis, which has given rise to innovative therapeutic approaches for the disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxi He
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
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Chen W, Zhu G, Tang J, Zhou HD, Li YP. C/ebpα controls osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, function, and postnatal bone homeostasis through direct regulation of Nfatc1. J Pathol 2018; 244:271-282. [PMID: 29083488 PMCID: PMC6240466 DOI: 10.1002/path.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast lineage commitment and differentiation have been studied extensively, although the mechanism by which transcription factor(s) control osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, and function remains unclear. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/ebpα) has been reported to be a key regulator of osteoclast cell lineage commitment, yet C/ebpα's roles in osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation and function, and bone homeostasis, under physiological or pathological conditions, have not been studied because newborn C/ebpα-null mice die within several hours after birth. Furthermore, the function of C/ebpα in osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, and function is largely unknown. Herein, we generated and analyzed an osteoclast-specific C/ebpα conditional knockout (CKO) mouse model via Ctsk-Cre mice and found that C/ebpα-deficient mice exhibited a severe osteopetrosis phenotype due to impaired osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, and function, including mildly reduced osteoclast number, impaired osteoclast polarization, actin formation, and bone resorption, which demonstrated the novel function of C/ebpα in cell function and terminal differentiation. Interestingly, C/ebpα deficiency did not affect bone formation or monocyte/macrophage development. Our results further demonstrated that C/ebpα deficiency suppressed the expression of osteoclast functional genes, e.g. encoding cathepsin K (Ctsk), Atp6i (Tcirg1), and osteoclast regulator genes, e.g. encoding c-fos (Fos), and nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (Nfatc1), while having no effect on Pu.1 (Spi1) expression. Promoter activity mapping and ChIP assay defined the critical cis-regulatory element (CCRE) in the promoter region of Nfatc1, and also showed that the CCREs were directly associated with C/ebpα, which enhanced the promoter's activity. The deficiency of C/ebpα in osteoclasts completely blocked ovariectomy-induced bone loss, indicating that C/ebpα is a promising new target for the treatment of osteolytic diseases. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham , Alabama 35294-2182, United States of America,Correspondence to: Yi-Ping Li, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 810, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA, Tel: 205-975-2606, Fax: 205-975-4919, and Wei Chen, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 815, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA, Tel: 205-975-2605, Fax: 205-975-4919,
| | - Guochun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham , Alabama 35294-2182, United States of America
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham , Alabama 35294-2182, United States of America
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham , Alabama 35294-2182, United States of America,Correspondence to: Yi-Ping Li, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 810, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA, Tel: 205-975-2606, Fax: 205-975-4919, and Wei Chen, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 815, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA, Tel: 205-975-2605, Fax: 205-975-4919,
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Teitelbaum SL. Therapeutic implications of suppressing osteoclast formation versus function. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 55:ii61-ii63. [PMID: 27856662 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-resorptive therapy is the principal means of treating osteoporotic disorders. The two families of presently available anti-resorptive drugs, namely bisphosphonates and denosumab, dampen activity of osteoclasts by reducing their number. In consequence, these agents also arrest bone remodelling eventuating suppressed formation as well as resorption. Evidence exists that osteoclasts recruit osteoblasts to sites of bone remodelling by mobilizing chemotactic proteins from matrix and direct secretion of such proteins that attract osteoblast precursors. Thus, anti-resorptive agents, such as the cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib, that dampen osteoclast function but not number may also preserve osteoblast recruitment by preserving the bone resorptive cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Teitelbaum
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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