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Tu B, Yang X, Xu S, Liang X, Liu C, Jiang J, Fan L, Tu L. Exploring the Utilization of PHC Pile Waste Concrete as Filler in Asphalt Mastics. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7158. [PMID: 38005086 PMCID: PMC10672930 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Using solid waste to replace limestone filler in asphalt concrete can not only reduce the cost of road construction, but also improve the utilization rate of solid waste. In this study, PHC pile waste concrete (PPWC) was innovatively used to replace limestone filler in asphalt mixture and its effect on the physical and rheological properties of asphalt mastics was studied. Firstly, PPWC was ground into filler particles with a diameter less than 0.075 mm. The physical properties, particle characteristics and chemical composition of PPWC filler and limestone filler were compared. Asphalt mastics were prepared with different filler-asphalt volume ratios (20%, 30% and 40%) and the physical properties, high-temperature rheological properties and low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mastics were tested. The experimental results showed that the surface of PPWC filler is rougher and has lower density and smaller particle size than limestone filler. When the filler content is the same, PPWC filler asphalt mastics have lower penetration and ductility, higher softening point than limestone filler asphalt mastics, and the viscosity of PPWC filler asphalt mastics is more sensitive than limestone filler asphalt mastics. PPWC filler asphalt mastics demonstrated superior high-temperature stability, but poorer low-temperature cracking resistance compared to limestone filler asphalt mastics. In conclusion, PPWC fillers can be used to replace limestone fillers in asphalt mixtures. The finding of this study will provide a new solution for the construction of eco-friendly roads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Tu
- Guangdong Hongye Building Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527121, China;
| | - Xinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shi Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (X.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Xuhui Liang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (X.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chen Liu
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (X.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Jian Jiang
- Shenzhen Sez Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518034, China; (J.J.); (L.F.); (L.T.)
| | - Lulu Fan
- Shenzhen Sez Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518034, China; (J.J.); (L.F.); (L.T.)
| | - Liangliang Tu
- Shenzhen Sez Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518034, China; (J.J.); (L.F.); (L.T.)
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Mawla N, Alshafiee M, Gamble J, Tobyn M, Liu L, Walton K, Conway BR, Timmins P, Asare-Addo K. Comparative Evaluation of the Powder and Tableting Properties of Regular and Direct Compression Hypromellose from Different Vendors. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2154. [PMID: 37631368 PMCID: PMC10459357 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypromellose, a widely used polymer in the pharmaceutical industry, is available in several grades, depending on the percentage of substitution of the methoxyl and hydroxypropyl groups and molecular weight, and in various functional forms (e.g., suitable for direct compression tableting). These differences can affect their physicomechanical properties, and so this study aims to characterise the particle size and mechanical properties of HPMC K100M polymer grades from four different vendors. Eight polymers (CR and DC grades) were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy automated image analysis particle characterisation to examine the powder's particle morphology and particle size distribution. Bulk density, tapped density, and true density of the materials were also analysed. Flow was determined using a shear cell tester. Flat-faced polymer compacts were made at five different compression forces and the mechanical properties of the compacts were evaluated to give an indication of the powder's capacity to form a tablet with desirable strength under specific pressures. The results indicated that the CR grades of the polymers displayed a smaller particle size and better mechanical properties compared to the DC grade HPMC K100M polymers. The DC grades, however, had better flow properties than their CR counterparts. The results also suggested some similarities and differences between some of the polymers from the different vendors despite the similarity in substitution level, reminding the user that care and consideration should be given when substitution is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Mawla
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (N.M.); (M.A.); (B.R.C.)
| | - Maen Alshafiee
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (N.M.); (M.A.); (B.R.C.)
| | - John Gamble
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Moreton, Merseyside CH46 1QW, UK; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Mike Tobyn
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Moreton, Merseyside CH46 1QW, UK; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Lande Liu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - Karl Walton
- EPSRC Future Metrology Hub, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - Barbara R. Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (N.M.); (M.A.); (B.R.C.)
| | - Peter Timmins
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (N.M.); (M.A.); (B.R.C.)
| | - Kofi Asare-Addo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (N.M.); (M.A.); (B.R.C.)
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Schnepf U. Realistic Risk Assessment of Soil Microplastics Is Hampered by a Lack of Eligible Data on Particle Characteristics: A Call for Higher Reporting Standards. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3-4. [PMID: 36509544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schnepf
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Research Unit Biodiversity and Scientific Diving, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70659 Stuttgart, Germany
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Onishi H, Ikeuchi-Takahashi Y, Kawano K, Hattori Y. Preparation of Chondroitin Sulfate-Glycyl-Prednisolone Conjugate Nanogel and Its Efficacy in Rats with Ulcerative Colitis. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1155-1163. [PMID: 31257292 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A conjugate between chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glycyl-prednisolone (GP), named CS-GP, was produced by carbodiimide coupling at a high GP/CS ratio. CS-GP was not water-soluble and gave a nanogel (NG) in aqueous solution. Two types of nanogels, NG(I) and NG(II), with prednisolone (PD) contents of 5.5 and 21.1% (w/w), respectively, were obtained. They had particle sizes of approximately 280 and 570 nm, respectively, and showed negative ζ-potentials of approximately -40 mV. The PD release rate was slower in the nanogels than in a solution of CS-GP with a PD content of 1.4% (w/w). The PD release rate was slower in NG(II) than in NG(I), and was elevated at pH 7.4 than at pH 6.8. NG(II) was applied in vivo to rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, and its therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic features were investigated. The therapeutic efficacy of NG(II) was slightly better than that of PD alone. Drug delivery to the lower intestines was enhanced with NG(II). The CS-GP nanogel has potential as a potent DDS for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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Miler M, Gosar M. Assessment of contribution of metal pollution sources to attic and household dust in Pb-polluted area. Indoor Air 2019; 29:487-498. [PMID: 30807671 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Attic and household dusts from Pb-polluted area were investigated using various analytical techniques for source apportionment and assessment of source contribution of metal-bearing phases. Mineralogically, attic dust consists of gypsum, anhydrite, and metal-bearing phases, while household dust comprises C-bearing particles and only minor metal-bearing phases. Sulfur isotope composition of sulfides and sulfates in attic dust shows that they result from past primary smelting of local sulfide ore, while those in household dust originate directly from local mine-waste material. Pb isotope ratios show that Pb-bearing phases in both dust types mostly originate from mining and primary smelting of local Pb-ore. Individual metal-bearing particles were apportioned by their composition, morphology, and mineralogy to phases from past Pb-smelting, present-day Pb-recycling, and past mining/mine-waste mechanical processing. Calculated source contribution of metal-bearing phases to indoor dust showed that primary Pb-smelting was important pollution source in the past, while active Pb-recycling has contributed only negligible amount of material so far. However, material from mining/mine-waste processing is an important currently active pollution source. Study demonstrated that simultaneous investigation of characteristics and isotopic composition of metal-bearing phases in different indoor dust types serves as tool for assessment of source contribution of past and recent airborne metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Miler
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Gosar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Braakhuis HM, Park MVDZ, Gosens I, De Jong WH, Cassee FR. Physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials that affect pulmonary inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 24725891 PMCID: PMC3996135 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing manufacture and use of products based on nanotechnology raises concerns for both workers and consumers. Various studies report induction of pulmonary inflammation after inhalation exposure to nanoparticles, which can vary in aspects such as size, shape, charge, crystallinity, chemical composition, and dissolution rate. Each of these aspects can affect their toxicity, although it is largely unknown to what extent. The aim of the current review is to analyse published data on inhalation of nanoparticles to identify and evaluate the contribution of their physicochemical characteristics to the onset and development of pulmonary inflammation. Many physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles affect their lung deposition, clearance, and pulmonary response that, in combination, ultimately determine whether pulmonary inflammation will occur and to what extent. Lung deposition is mainly determined by the physical properties of the aerosol (size, density, shape, hygroscopicity) in relation to airflow and the anatomy of the respiratory system, whereas clearance and translocation of nanoparticles are mainly determined by their geometry and surface characteristics. Besides size and chemical composition, other physicochemical characteristics influence the induction of pulmonary inflammation after inhalation. As some nanoparticles dissolve, they can release toxic ions that can damage the lung tissue, making dissolution rate an important characteristic that affects lung inflammation. Fibre-shaped materials are more toxic to the lungs compared to spherical shaped nanoparticles of the same chemical composition. In general, cationic nanoparticles are more cytotoxic than neutral or anionic nanoparticles. Finally, surface reactivity correlates well with observed pulmonary inflammation. With all these characteristics affecting different stages of the events leading to pulmonary inflammation, no unifying dose metric could be identified to describe pulmonary inflammation for all nanomaterials, although surface reactivity might be a useful measure. To determine the extent to which the various characteristics influence the induction of pulmonary inflammation, the effect of these characteristics on lung deposition, clearance, and pulmonary response should be systematically evaluated. The results can then be used to facilitate risk assessment by categorizing nanoparticles according to their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet VDZ Park
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H De Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.163, Utrecht 3508TD, The Netherlands
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