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Zhai X, Wang N, Jiao H, Zhang J, Li C, Ren W, Reiter RJ, Su S. Melatonin and other indoles show antiviral activities against swine coronaviruses in vitro at pharmacological concentrations. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12754. [PMID: 34139040 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlights major gaps in our knowledge on the prevention control and cross-species transmission mechanisms of animal coronaviruses. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) are three common swine coronaviruses and have similar clinical features. In the absence of effective treatments, they have led to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. We reported that indoles exerted potent activity against swine coronaviruses, the molecules used included melatonin, indole, tryptamine, and L-tryptophan. Herein, we did further systematic studies with melatonin, a ubiquitous and versatile molecule, and found it inhibited TGEV, PEDV, and PDCoV infection in PK-15, Vero, or LLC-PK1 cells by reducing viral entry and replication, respectively. Collectively, we provide the molecular basis for the development of new treatments based on the ability of indoles to control TGEV, PEDV, and PDCoV infection and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhai
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Houqi Jiao
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaofan Li
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shuo Su
- Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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