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Hsieh HC, Huang IH, Chang SW, Chen PL, Su YC, Wang S, Tsai WJ, Chen PH, Aroian RV, Chen CS. PRMT-7/PRMT7 activates HLH-30/TFEB to guard plasma membrane integrity compromised by bacterial pore-forming toxins. Autophagy 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38261662 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2306655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pore-forming toxins (PFTs) that disrupt host plasma membrane integrity (PMI) significantly contribute to the virulence of various pathogens. However, how host cells protect PMI in response to PFT perforation in vivo remains obscure. Previously, we demonstrated that the HLH-30/TFEB-dependent intrinsic cellular defense (INCED) is elicited by PFT to maintain PMI in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelium. Yet, the molecular mechanism for the full activation of HLH-30/TFEB by PFT remains elusive. Here, we reveal that PRMT-7 (protein arginine methyltransferase-7) is indispensable to the nuclear transactivation of HLH-30 elicited by PFTs. We demonstrate that PRMT-7 participates in the methylation of HLH-30 on its RAG complex binding domain to facilitate its nuclear localization and activation. Moreover, we showed that PRMT7 is evolutionarily conserved to regulate TFEB cellular localization and repair plasma damage caused by PFTs in human intestinal cells. Together, our observations not only unveil a novel PRMT-7/PRMT7-dependent post-translational regulation of HLH-30/TFEB but also shed insight on the evolutionarily conserved mechanism of the INCED against PFT in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shuying Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiun Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hung Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Raffi V Aroian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Tetreau G, Andreeva EA, Banneville AS, De Zitter E, Colletier JP. Can (We Make) Bacillus thuringiensis Crystallize More Than Its Toxins? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070441. [PMID: 34206749 PMCID: PMC8309801 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of finely tuned and reliable crystallization processes to obtain crystalline formulations of proteins has received growing interest from different scientific fields, including toxinology and structural biology, as well as from industry, notably for biotechnological and medical applications. As a natural crystal-making bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has evolved through millions of years to produce hundreds of highly structurally diverse pesticidal proteins as micrometer-sized crystals. The long-term stability of Bt protein crystals in aqueous environments and their specific and controlled dissolution are characteristics that are particularly sought after. In this article, we explore whether the crystallization machinery of Bt can be hijacked as a means to produce (micro)crystalline formulations of proteins for three different applications: (i) to develop new bioinsecticidal formulations based on rationally improved crystalline toxins, (ii) to functionalize crystals with specific characteristics for biotechnological and medical applications, and (iii) to produce microcrystals of custom proteins for structural biology. By developing the needs of these different fields to figure out if and how Bt could meet each specific requirement, we discuss the already published and/or patented attempts and provide guidelines for future investigations in some underexplored yet promising domains.
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Tetreau G, Andreeva EA, Banneville AS, De Zitter E, Colletier JP. How Does Bacillus thuringiensis Crystallize Such a Large Diversity of Toxins? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:443. [PMID: 34206796 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a natural crystal-making bacterium. Bt diversified into many subspecies that have evolved to produce crystals of hundreds of pesticidal proteins with radically different structures. Their crystalline form ensures stability and controlled release of these major virulence factors. They are responsible for the toxicity and host specificity of Bt, explaining its worldwide use as a biological insecticide. Most research has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of these toxins while the features driving their crystallization have long remained elusive, essentially due to technical limitations. The evolution of methods in structural biology, pushing back the limits in size of amenable protein crystals now allows access to be gained to structural information hidden within natural crystals of such toxins. In this review, we present the main parameters that have been identified as key drivers of toxin crystallization in Bt, notably in the light of recent discoveries driven by structural biology studies. Then, we develop how the future evolution of structural biology will hopefully unveil new mechanisms of Bt toxin crystallization, opening the door to their hijacking with the aim of developing a versatile in vivo crystallization platform of high academic and industrial interest.
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Pinaud S, Tetreau G, Poteaux P, Galinier R, Chaparro C, Lassalle D, Portet A, Simphor E, Gourbal B, Duval D. New Insights Into Biomphalysin Gene Family Diversification in the Vector Snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635131. [PMID: 33868258 PMCID: PMC8047071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerolysins initially characterized as virulence factors in bacteria are increasingly found in massive genome and transcriptome sequencing data from metazoans. Horizontal gene transfer has been demonstrated as the main way of aerolysin-related toxins acquisition in metazoans. However, only few studies have focused on their potential biological functions in such organisms. Herein, we present an extensive characterization of a multigene family encoding aerolysins - named biomphalysin - in Biomphalaria glabrata snail, the intermediate host of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Our results highlight that duplication and domestication of an acquired bacterial toxin gene in the snail genome result in the acquisition of a novel and diversified toxin family. Twenty-three biomphalysin genes were identified. All are expressed and exhibited a tissue-specific expression pattern. An in silico structural analysis was performed to highlight the central role played by two distinct domains i) a large lobe involved in the lytic function of these snail toxins which constrained their evolution and ii) a small lobe which is structurally variable between biomphalysin toxins and that matched to various functional domains involved in moiety recognition of targets cells. A functional approach suggests that the repertoire of biomphalysins that bind to pathogens, depends on the type of pathogen encountered. These results underline a neo-and sub-functionalization of the biomphalysin toxins, which have the potential to increase the range of effectors in the snail’s immune arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvain Pinaud
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Pierre Poteaux
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Cristian Chaparro
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Damien Lassalle
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Anaïs Portet
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Elodie Simphor
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, Perpignan, France
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Riegler AN, Brissac T, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Orihuela CJ. Necroptotic Cell Death Promotes Adaptive Immunity Against Colonizing Pneumococci. Front Immunol 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 31019504 PMCID: PMC6459137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxin (PFT) induced necroptosis exacerbates pulmonary injury during bacterial pneumonia. However, its role during asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonization and toward the development of protective immunity was unknown. Using a mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) asymptomatic colonization, we determined that nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (nEC) died of pneumolysin (Ply)-dependent necroptosis. Mice deficient in MLKL, the necroptosis effector, or challenged with Ply-deficient Spn showed less nEC sloughing, increased neutrophil infiltration, and altered IL-1α, IL-33, CXCL2, IL-17, and IL-6 levels in nasal lavage fluid (NALF). Activated MLKL correlated with increased presence of CD11c+ antigen presenting cells in Spn-associated submucosa. Colonized MLKL KO mice and wildtype mice colonized with Ply-deficient Spn produced less antibody against the bacterial surface protein PspA, were delayed in bacterial clearance, and were more susceptible to a lethal secondary Spn challenge. We conclude that PFT-induced necroptosis is instrumental in the natural development of protective immunity against opportunistic PFT-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Nichole Riegler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Terry Brissac
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Chen HD, Kao CY, Liu BY, Huang SW, Kuo CJ, Ruan JW, Lin YH, Huang CR, Chen YH, Wang HD, Aroian RV, Chen CS. HLH-30/TFEB-mediated autophagy functions in a cell-autonomous manner for epithelium intrinsic cellular defense against bacterial pore-forming toxin in C. elegans. Autophagy 2016; 13:371-385. [PMID: 27875098 PMCID: PMC5324838 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1256933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system that maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling damaged cellular components. The transcription factor HLH-30/TFEB-mediated autophagy has been reported to regulate tolerance to bacterial infection, but less is known about the bona fide bacterial effector that activates HLH-30 and autophagy. Here, we reveal that bacterial membrane pore-forming toxin (PFT) induces autophagy in an HLH-30-dependent manner in Caenorhabditis elegans. Moreover, autophagy controls the susceptibility of animals to PFT toxicity through xenophagic degradation of PFT and repair of membrane-pore cell-autonomously in the PFT-targeted intestinal cells in C. elegans. These results demonstrate that autophagic pathways and autophagy are induced partly at the transcriptional level through HLH-30 activation and are required to protect metazoan upon PFT intoxication. Together, our data show a new and powerful connection between HLH-30-mediated autophagy and epithelium intrinsic cellular defense against the single most common mode of bacterial attack in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Da Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,b Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Kao
- c Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Bang-Yu Liu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Shin-Whei Huang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Kuo
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,b Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Wei Ruan
- c Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli , Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- d Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Rung Huang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,e School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- d Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Raffi V Aroian
- f Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,b Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
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