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Tanaka H, Dotera T, Hyde ST. Programmable Self-Assembly of Nanoplates into Bicontinuous Nanostructures. ACS Nano 2023; 17:15371-15378. [PMID: 37527198 PMCID: PMC10448885 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is the process by which individual components arrange themselves into an ordered structure by changing the shapes, components, and interactions. It has enabled us to construct an extensive range of geometric forms on many length scales. Nevertheless, the potential of two-dimensional polygonal nanoplates to self-assemble into extended three-dimensional structures with compartments and corridors has remained unexplored. In this paper, we show coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations demonstrating self-assembly of hexagonal/triangular nanoplates via complementary interactions into faceted, sponge-like "bicontinuous polyhedra" (or infinite polyhedra) whose flat walls partition space into a pair of mutually interpenetrating labyrinths. Two bicontinuous polyhedra can be self-assembled: the regular (or Platonic) Petrie-Coxeter infinite polyhedron (denoted {6,4|4}) and the semi-regular Hart "gyrangle". The latter structure is chiral, with both left- and right-handed versions. We show that the Petrie-Coxeter assembly is constructed from two complementary populations of hexagonal nanoplates. Furthermore, we find that the 3D chiral Hart gyrangle can be assembled from identical achiral triangular nanoplates decorated with regioselective complementary interaction sites. The assembled Petrie-Coxeter and Hart polyhedra are faceted versions of two of the simplest triply periodic minimal surfaces, namely, Schwarz's primitive and Schoen's gyroid surfaces, respectively, offering alternative routes to those bicontinuous nanostructures, which are widespread in synthetic and biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tanaka
- Department
of Physics, Kindai University, Higashiosaka City, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tomonari Dotera
- Department
of Physics, Kindai University, Higashiosaka City, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Stephen T. Hyde
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Research
School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Ceron S, Gardi G, Petersen K, Sitti M. Programmable self-organization of heterogeneous microrobot collectives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221913120. [PMID: 37276400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221913120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the microscale, coupled physical interactions between collectives of agents can be exploited to enable self-organization. Past systems typically consist of identical agents; however, heterogeneous agents can exhibit asymmetric pairwise interactions which can be used to generate more diverse patterns of self-organization. Here, we study the effect of size heterogeneity in microrobot collectives composed of circular, magnetic microdisks on a fluid-air interface. Each microrobot spins or oscillates about its center axis in response to an external oscillating magnetic field, in turn producing local magnetic, hydrodynamic, and capillary forces that enable diverse collective behaviors. We demonstrate through physical experiments and simulations that the heterogeneous collective can exploit the differences in microrobot size to enable programmable self-organization, density, morphology, and interaction with external passive objects. Specifically, we can control the level of self-organization by microrobot size, enable organized aggregation, dispersion, and locomotion, change the overall shape of the collective from circular to ellipse, and cage or expel objects. We characterize the fundamental self-organization behavior across a parameter space of magnetic field frequency, relative disk size, and relative populations; we replicate the behavior through a physical model and a swarming coupled oscillator model to show that the dominant effect stems from asymmetric interactions between the different-sized disks. Our work furthers insights into self-organization in heterogeneous microrobot collectives and moves us closer to the goal of applying such collectives to programmable self-assembly and active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ceron
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gaurav Gardi
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Kirstin Petersen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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Abstract
Self-assembly is a ubiquitous process that can generate complex and functional structures via local interactions among a large set of simpler components. The ability to program the self-assembly pathway of component sets elucidates fundamental physics and enables alternative competitive fabrication technologies. Reprogrammability offers further opportunities for tuning structural and material properties but requires reversible selection from multistable self-assembling patterns, which remains a challenge. Here, we show statistical reprogramming of two-dimensional (2D), noncompact self-assembled structures by the dynamic confinement of orbitally shaken and magnetically repulsive millimeter-scale particles. Under a constant shaking regime, we control the rate of radius change of an assembly arena via moving hard boundaries and select among a finite set of self-assembled patterns repeatably and reversibly. By temporarily trapping particles in topologically identified stable states, we also demonstrate 2D reprogrammable stiffness and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic clutching of the self-assembled structures. Our reprogrammable system has prospective implications for the design of granular materials in a multitude of physical scales where out-of-equilibrium self-assembly can be realized with different numbers or types of particles. Our dynamic boundary regulation may also enable robust bottom-up control strategies for novel robotic assembly applications by designing more complex spatiotemporal interactions using mobile robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Culha
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zoey S Davidson
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Massimo Mastrangeli
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
- School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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Niu R, Du CX, Esposito E, Ng J, Brenner MP, McEuen PL, Cohen I. Magnetic handshake materials as a scale-invariant platform for programmed self-assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24402-24407. [PMID: 31754038 PMCID: PMC6900514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910332116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable self-assembly of smart, digital, and structurally complex materials from simple components at size scales from the macro to the nano remains a long-standing goal of material science. Here, we introduce a platform based on magnetic encoding of information to drive programmable self-assembly that works across length scales. Our building blocks consist of panels with different patterns of magnetic dipoles that are capable of specific binding. Because the ratios of the different panel-binding energies are scale-invariant, this approach can, in principle, be applied down to the nanometer scale. Using a centimeter-sized version of these panels, we demonstrate 3 canonical hallmarks of assembly: controlled polymerization of individual building blocks; assembly of 1-dimensional strands made of panels connected by elastic backbones into secondary structures; and hierarchical assembly of 2-dimensional nets into 3-dimensional objects. We envision that magnetic encoding of assembly instructions into primary structures of panels, strands, and nets will lead to the formation of secondary and even tertiary structures that transmit information, act as mechanical elements, or function as machines on scales ranging from the nano to the macro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Niu
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
| | - Chrisy Xiyu Du
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Edward Esposito
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jakin Ng
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Michael P Brenner
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Paul L McEuen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Itai Cohen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Wang W, Giltinan J, Zakharchenko S, Sitti M. Dynamic and programmable self-assembly of micro-rafts at the air-water interface. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602522. [PMID: 28560332 PMCID: PMC5443645 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic self-assembled material systems constantly consume energy to maintain their spatiotemporal structures and functions. Programmable self-assembly translates information from individual parts to the collective whole. Combining dynamic and programmable self-assembly in a single platform opens up the possibilities to investigate both types of self-assembly simultaneously and to explore their synergy. This task is challenging because of the difficulty in finding suitable interactions that are both dissipative and programmable. We present a dynamic and programmable self-assembling material system consisting of spinning at the air-water interface circular magnetic micro-rafts of radius 50 μm and with cosinusoidal edge-height profiles. The cosinusoidal edge-height profiles not only create a net dissipative capillary repulsion that is sustained by continuous torque input but also enable directional assembly of micro-rafts. We uncover the layered arrangement of micro-rafts in the patterns formed by dynamic self-assembly and offer mechanistic insights through a physical model and geometric analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate programmable self-assembly and show that a 4-fold rotational symmetry encoded in individual micro-rafts translates into 90° bending angles and square-based tiling in the assembled structures of micro-rafts. We anticipate that our dynamic and programmable material system will serve as a model system for studying nonequilibrium dynamics and statistical mechanics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joshua Giltinan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Svetlana Zakharchenko
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Corresponding author.
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