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McKenna CF, Askow AT, Paulussen KJM, Salvador AF, Fang HY, Ulanov AV, Li Z, Paluska SA, Beals JW, Jäger R, Purpura M, Burd NA. Postabsorptive and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates at rest and after resistance exercise in women with post-menopause. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024. [PMID: 38385186 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00886.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Feeding and resistance exercise stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (MPS) in healthy adults. This anabolic characterization of 'healthy adults' has been namely focused on males. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the temporal responses of MPS and anabolic signaling to resistance exercise alone or combined with the ingestion of protein in post-menopausal females and compare postabsorptive rates with young females. Sixteen females (60 ± 7 y; BMI = 26 ± 12 kg·m-2) completed an acute bout of unilateral resistance exercise before consuming either: a fortified whey protein supplement (WHEY) or water. Participants received primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine with bilateral muscle biopsies before and after treatment ingestion at 2 h and 4 h in non-exercised and exercised legs. Resistance exercise transiently increased MPS above baseline at 0-2 h in the water condition (P = 0.007). Feeding after exercise resulted in a late phase (2-4 h) increase in MPS in the WHEY condition (P = 0.005). In both conditions, exercise did not enhance the cumulative (0-4 h) MPS response. In the non-exercised leg, MPS did not differ at 0-2 h, 2-4 h, or 0-4 h of the measurement periods (all, P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no changes in the phosphorylation of p70S6K, AMPKα, or total and phosphorylated yes-associated protein on Ser127. Post-absorptive MPS were lower in pre-menopausal vs. post-menopausal females (P = 0.023). We show that resistance exercise-induced changes in MPS are temporally regulated, but do not result in greater cumulative (0-4 h) MPS in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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van Gassel RJ, Weijzen ME, Kouw IW, Senden JM, Wodzig WK, Olde Damink SW, van de Poll MC, van Loon LJ. Administration of Free Amino Acids Improves Exogenous Amino Acid Availability when Compared with Intact Protein in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Nutr 2024; 154:554-564. [PMID: 38103646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein digestion and amino acid absorption appear compromised in critical illness. The provision of enteral feeds with free amino acids rather than intact protein may improve postprandial amino acid availability. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to quantify the uptake of diet-derived phenylalanine after the enteral administration of intact protein compared with an equivalent amount of free amino acids in critically ill patients. METHODS Sixteen patients who were mechanically ventilated in intensive care unit (ICU) at risk of malabsorption received a primed continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine after an overnight fast. Patients were randomly allocated to receive 20 g intrinsically L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled milk protein or an equivalent amount of amino acids labeled with free L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine via a nasogastric tube over a 2-h period. Protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and whole-body protein net balance were assessed throughout a 6-h period. RESULTS After enteral nutrient infusion, both plasma phenylalanine and leucine concentrations increased (P-time < 0.001), with a more rapid and greater rise after free amino acid compared with intact protein administration (P-time × treatment = 0.003). Diet-derived phenylalanine released into the circulation was 25% greater after free amino acids compared with intact protein administration [68.7% (confidence interval {CI}: 62.3, 75.1%) compared with 43.8% (CI: 32.4, 55.2%), respectively; P < 0.001]. Whole-body protein net balance became positive after nutrient administration (P-time < 0.001) and tended to be more positive after free amino acid in provision (P-time × treatment = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS The administration of free amino acids as opposed to intact protein further increases postprandial plasma amino acid availability in critically ill patients, allowing more diet-derived phenylalanine to become available to peripheral tissues. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04791774.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Jj van Gassel
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Michelle Eg Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre Wk Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Mg Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will Khw Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Wm Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcel Cg van de Poll
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Safdar LB, Foulkes MJ, Kleiner FH, Searle IR, Bhosale RA, Fisk ID, Boden SA. Challenges facing sustainable protein production: Opportunities for cereals. Plant Commun 2023; 4:100716. [PMID: 37710958 PMCID: PMC10721536 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Rising demands for protein worldwide are likely to drive increases in livestock production, as meat provides ∼40% of dietary protein. This will come at a significant environmental cost, and a shift toward plant-based protein sources would therefore provide major benefits. While legumes provide substantial amounts of plant-based protein, cereals are the major constituents of global foods, with wheat alone accounting for 15-20% of the required dietary protein intake. Improvement of protein content in wheat is limited by phenotyping challenges, lack of genetic potential of modern germplasms, negative yield trade-offs, and environmental costs of nitrogen fertilizers. Presenting wheat as a case study, we discuss how increasing protein content in cereals through a revised breeding strategy combined with robust phenotyping could ensure a sustainable protein supply while minimizing the environmental impact of nitrogen fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqman B Safdar
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - M John Foulkes
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Friedrich H Kleiner
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Faculty of Applied Science, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Iain R Searle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Rahul A Bhosale
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ian D Fisk
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Scott A Boden
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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Gui S, Yuval B, Engl T, Lu Y, Cheng D. Protein feeding mediates sex pheromone biosynthesis in an insect. eLife 2023; 12:83469. [PMID: 36656757 PMCID: PMC9908074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein feeding is critical for male reproductive success in many insect species. However, how protein affects the reproduction remains largely unknown. Using Bactrocera dorsalis as the study model, we investigated how protein feeding regulated sex pheromone synthesis. We show that protein ingestion is essential for sex pheromone synthesis in male. While protein feeding or deprivation did not affect Bacillus abundance, transcriptome analysis revealed that sarcosine dehydrogenase (Sardh) in protein-fed males regulates the biosynthesis of sex pheromones by increasing glycine and threonine (sex pheromone precursors) contents. RNAi-mediated loss-of-function of Sardh decreases glycine, threonine, and sex pheromone contents and results in decreased mating ability in males. The study links male feeding behavior with discrete patterns of gene expression that plays role in sex pheromone synthesis, which in turn translates to successful copulatory behavior of the males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Gui
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Tobias Engl
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Daifeng Cheng
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Kand D, Castro-Montoya J, Selje-Assmann N, Dickhoefer U. The effects of rumen nitrogen balance on intake, nutrient digestibility, chewing activity, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows vary with dietary protein sources. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4236-4250. [PMID: 33612228 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study the interaction effects of rumen nitrogen balance (RNB) and dietary protein source on feed intake, apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD), eating and ruminating activity, milk yield (MY), and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were divided in 4 groups, which were randomly assigned to the dietary treatments included in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design that consisted of four 20-d periods, each with 12 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 8 d of sampling. The dietary treatments followed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 main protein sources, faba bean grain (FB) and SoyPass (SP; Beweka Kraftfutterwerk GmbH), offered at 2 dietary RNB levels: RNB0 (RNB of 0 g/kg of dry matter) and RNB- (RNB of -3.2 g/kg of dry matter; i.e., 4 treatments). The composition of concentrate mixtures was adjusted to create diets with the desired RNB levels. Each of the protein sources supplied ≥35% of the total dietary crude protein (CP). Both diets within a protein source had similar forage sources and forage to concentrate ratios and were iso-energetic, but differed in CP concentrations. The main effects of RNB, protein source, and their interactions were tested by PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). Interaction effects were observed for daily dry matter intake and energy-corrected MY, which were lower for RNB- than RNB0 in diets containing FB (23.5 vs. 24.4 kg dry matter/d; 28.6 vs. 30.6 kg milk/d), but similar in diets containing SP (24.2 vs. 24.3 kg dry matter/d; 31.3 vs. 31.7 kg milk/d). The ATTD of NDF was lower for RNB- compared with RNB0 in the FB (44.9 vs. 49.1 g/100 g) and SP (48.5 vs. 51.9 g/100 g) diets, and greater for the SP than for FB diets. There were interaction effects for ATTD of CP and concentrations of milk urea nitrogen, which were lower for RNB- compared with RNB0 in both, FB (55 vs. 63.1 g/100 g of CP; 5.65 vs. 11.3 mg/dL milk) and SP diets (60 vs. 64.4 g/100 g of CP; 8.74 vs. 13.4 mg/dL milk). However, differences between RNB levels were greater for FB than for SP diets. Furthermore, proportions of milk fatty acids followed the same pattern as that of dietary fatty acids, but biohydrogenation appeared to be greater for RNB- than RNB0 for both protein sources and in FB than in SP diets for both RNB levels. There was an interaction effect on total number of chews per unit of NDF intake, which was greater for RNB- compared with RNB0 for both protein sources. However, the differences between RNB levels were greater in FB than in SP diets. Overall, differences in the animal responses to negative RNB between FB and SP diets suggest a need to better understand the effect of negative RNB levels with different dietary ingredients at similar utilizable CP supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Castro-Montoya
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - N Selje-Assmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - U Dickhoefer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Kand D, Dickhoefer U. The effects of rumen nitrogen balance on nutrient intake, nitrogen partitioning, and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows offered different dietary protein sources. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4223-4235. [PMID: 33485679 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the effects of rumen N balance (RNB), dietary protein source, and their interaction on feed intake, N partitioning, and rumen microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were included in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design comprising four 20-d periods, each with 12 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 8 d of sampling. The dietary treatments followed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (i.e., 4 treatments) with 2 main protein sources [faba bean grain (FB) and SoyPass (SP; Beweka Kraftfutterwerk GmbH, Heilbronn, Germany)] offered at 2 dietary RNB levels each [0 g/kg of dry matter, DM (RNB0) and -3.2 g/kg of DM (RNB-)]. The RNB was calculated as the difference between dietary crude protein (CP) intake and the rumen outflow of undegraded feed CP and MCP and divided by 6.25. Composition of concentrate mixtures was adjusted to create diets with desired RNB levels. Each of these protein sources supplied ≥35% of total dietary CP. Both diets for each protein source were isoenergetic but differed in CP concentrations. The DM intake (kg/d) was lower for RNB- than for RNB0 in diets containing FB, whereas no differences were seen between the RNB levels for SP diets. The RNB- decreased N intake and urinary N excretion but increased milk N use efficiency in both FB and SP diets, with greater differences between the RNB levels for FB diets than for SP diets. Similarly, duodenal MCP synthesis (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake) estimated from purine derivatives in the urine was lower for RNB- than for RNB0 in FB diets but similar between the RNB levels in diets containing SP. Low RNB of approximately -65 g/d (approximately -3.2 g/kg of DM) in diets reduced feed intake, N balance, and performance in high-yielding dairy cows with possibly more pronounced effects in diets containing rapidly degradable protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - U Dickhoefer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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7
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Ying Y, Feng X, Zhang W, Yu P. Implication of Modified Chemical Profiles of Different Seed Proteins through Heat-Related Processing to Protein Nutrition and Metabolic Characteristics in Ruminant Systems. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:4939-4945. [PMID: 32227938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to reveal the implication of modified chemical profiles of protein in cool-season-adapted cereal seeds through heat-related processing to protein nutrition and metabolic characteristics in ruminant systems. The parameters of protein-related chemical and nutritive profiles modified by heat-related processing included (a) chemical and nutrient profiles, (b) degradation kinetics (Kd and BCP), (c) digestion (IDP and TDP), (d) degraded protein balance (DPB/OEB value), and (e) metabolizable protein (MP, DVE, and FMV values). The seeds used in this study included cool-season-adapted wheat (CSW), triticale (CST), and corn (CSC). Each grain source had 3 consecutive year-replicated samples and were subjected to different heat-related processing: dry heating (DH) and moist heating (MH). The results showed that (1) the heat-related processing significantly modified metabolic characteristics of protein in the seeds (p < 0.05), (2) in comparison to DH, MH had a dramatic improvement (p < 0.05) in protein utilization profiles (decreased rumen degradation and increased intestinal digestion), (3) the seeds had significant (p < 0.05) difference in rumen degradation and intestinal digestion, (4) among the seeds, the CSW had the highest milk value (FMV; p < 0.05) and was increased by MH application (p < 0.05), and (5) the results showed that the seeds responded independently to different heat-related processing. MH-related processing had a more profound impact on CSW and CST in chemical profiles and nutrition. The CSC had less response to the heat-related processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ying
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - X Feng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy,ZhengzhouChina
| | - P Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Abstract
Hunger and malnutrition, especially children, are still global issues today. Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world population and important nutritional source of not only carbohydrate but also protein. In recent aging societies, protein-energy malnutrition in elderly people emerges also as a social issue. Malnutrition in elderly people raises the risk of falling into age-related chronic diseases. Nutritional care can prevent elderly people from such age-related diseases. Rice and rice flour would be good foodstuff for preparation of diet suitable for and preferred by elderly people. Protein content of rice grains, like the other cereal grains, is less than 10% by weight, which is a little lower than meat and cheese, but higher than dairy milk and yoghurt. Nutritional quality of rice proteins is higher than the other cereal grains. Such relatively higher nutritional quality of rice proteins could be due to high copies of glutelin genes evolved from an ancestral gene common to soybean glycinin and resultant high content of legume-type seed storage proteins. Recently, rice flour became to be utilized for various processed food. The rice seed proteins as well as starch are accumulated in specific organelles termed protein bodies and amyloplast in the cells of endosperm and aleurone layer. By milling rice grains to flour particles consisting of protein and starch nanoparticles, processing characteristics of rice starch and proteins could be changed. To develop rice-based processed food for prevention of malnutrition, rice flour particles from various different rice sources could be blended for desired nutritional composition without spoiling the value of product food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University
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Bridge A, Brown J, Snider H, Nasato M, Ward WE, Roy BD, Josse AR. Greek Yogurt and 12 Weeks of Exercise Training on Strength, Muscle Thickness and Body Composition in Lean, Untrained, University-Aged Males. Front Nutr 2019; 6:55. [PMID: 31114790 PMCID: PMC6503736 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and/or whey protein plus resistance exercise (RT) increase strength and muscle size, and optimize body composition in adult males and females. Greek yogurt (GY) contains similar muscle-supporting nutrients as milk yet it is different in several ways including being a semi-solid food, containing bacterial cultures and having a higher protein content (mostly casein) per serving. GY has yet to be investigated in the context of a RT program. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of GY consumption plus RT on strength, muscle thickness and body composition in lean, untrained, university-aged males. Thirty untrained, university-aged (20.6 ± 2.2 years) males were randomized to 2 groups (n = 15/group): fat-free, plain GY or a Placebo Pudding (PP; isoenergetic carbohydrate-based pudding) and underwent a combined RT/plyometric training program 3 days/week for 12 weeks. They consumed either GY (20 g protein/dose) or PP (0 g protein/dose) daily, 3 times on training days and 2 times on non-training days. After 12 weeks, both groups significantly increased strength, muscle thickness and fat-free mass (FFM) (p < 0.05). The GY group gained more total strength (GY; 98 ± 37 kg, PP; 57 ± 15 kg), more biceps brachii muscular thickness (GY; 0.46 ± 0.3 cm, PP; 0.12 ± 0.2 cm), more FFM (GY; 2.4 ± 1.5 kg, PP; 1.3 ± 1.3 kg), and reduced % body fat (GY; −1.1 ± 2.2%, PP; 0.1 ± 2.6%) than PP group (p < 0.05 expressed as absolute change). Thus, consumption of GY during a training program resulted in improved strength, muscle thickness and body composition over a carbohydrate-based placebo. Given the results of our study, the general benefits of consuming GY and its distinctiveness from milk, GY can be a plausible, post-exercise, nutrient-rich alternative for positive strength, muscle, and body composition adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bridge
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Hayden Snider
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Nasato
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea R Josse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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10
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Bulgakova SV, Treneva EV, Zakharova NO, Trukhanova IG, Nesterenko SA, Lebedeva EA. [The sarcopenia: a multicomponent strategy for therapy (review of literature).]. Adv Gerontol 2019; 32:405-414. [PMID: 31512428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related loss of muscle mass, accompanied by a decrease in muscle function and/or strength, is increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for adverse outcomes in the weak elderly. The proven Association between hypodynamia, low-calorie diet, insufficient protein intake, and sarcopenia in older individuals suggests that exercise and targeted dietary supplements may have a significant therapeutic effect on the treatment and prevention of this condition. In this literature review, we summarize available data on the positive effects of various therapeutic interventions on muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Bulgakova
- Samara state medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya str., Samara 443099; Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - E V Treneva
- Samara state medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya str., Samara 443099; Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - N O Zakharova
- Samara state medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya str., Samara 443099; Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - I G Trukhanova
- Samara state medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya str., Samara 443099; Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - S A Nesterenko
- Samara state medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya str., Samara 443099; Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - E A Lebedeva
- Samara state medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya str., Samara 443099; Russian Federation, e-mail:
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Abstract
There is growing interest in nutrition therapies that deliver a generous amount of protein, but not a toxic amount of energy, to protein-catabolic critically ill patients. Parenteral amino acids can achieve this goal. This article summarizes the biochemical and nutritional principles that guide parenteral amino acid therapy, explains how parenteral amino acid solutions are formulated, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different parenteral amino acid products with enterally-delivered whole protein products in the context of protein-catabolic critical illness.
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Bröer A, Juelich T, Vanslambrouck JM, Tietze N, Solomon PS, Holst J, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Bröer S. Impaired nutrient signaling and body weight control in a Na+ neutral amino acid cotransporter (Slc6a19)-deficient mouse. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26638-51. [PMID: 21636576 PMCID: PMC3143628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.241323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid uptake in the intestine and kidney is mediated by a variety of amino acid transporters. To understand the role of epithelial neutral amino acid uptake in whole body homeostasis, we analyzed mice lacking the apical broad-spectrum neutral (0) amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 (Slc6a19). A general neutral aminoaciduria was observed similar to human Hartnup disorder which is caused by mutations in SLC6A19. Na(+)-dependent uptake of neutral amino acids into the intestine and renal brush-border membrane vesicles was abolished. No compensatory increase of peptide transport or other neutral amino acid transporters was detected. Mice lacking B(0)AT1 showed a reduced body weight. When adapted to a standard 20% protein diet, B(0)AT1-deficient mice lost body weight rapidly on diets containing 6 or 40% protein. Secretion of insulin in response to food ingestion after fasting was blunted. In the intestine, amino acid signaling to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was reduced, whereas the GCN2/ATF4 stress response pathway was activated, indicating amino acid deprivation in epithelial cells. The results demonstrate that epithelial amino acid uptake is essential for optimal growth and body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
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