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Du P, Wei Y, Liang Y, An R, Liu S, Lei P, Zhang H. Near-Infrared-Responsive Rare Earth Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging and Wireless Phototherapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305308. [PMID: 37946706 PMCID: PMC10885668 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) light is well-suited for the optical imaging and wireless phototherapy of malignant diseases because of its deep tissue penetration, low autofluorescence, weak tissue scattering, and non-invasiveness. Rare earth nanoparticles (RENPs) are promising NIR-responsive materials, owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties. The 4f electron subshell of lanthanides, the main group of rare earth elements, has rich energy-level structures. This facilitates broad-spectrum light-to-light conversion and the conversion of light to other forms of energy, such as thermal and chemical energies. In addition, the abundant loadable and modifiable sites on the surface offer favorable conditions for the functional expansion of RENPs. In this review, the authors systematically discuss the main processes and mechanisms underlying the response of RENPs to NIR light and summarize recent advances in their applications in optical imaging, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, photoimmunotherapy, optogenetics, and light-responsive drug release. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the application of RENPs in optical imaging and wireless phototherapy under NIR activation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengye Du
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022China
| | - Yuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022China
- Ganjiang Innovation AcademyChinese Academy of SciencesGanzhouJiangxi341000China
| | - Ran An
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Pengpeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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2
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Hamraoui K, Torres-Vera VA, Zabala Gutierrez I, Casillas-Rubio A, Alqudwa Fattouh M, Benayas A, Marin R, Natile MM, Manso Silvan M, Rubio-Zuazo J, Jaque D, Melle S, Calderón OG, Rubio-Retama J. Exploring the Origin of the Thermal Sensitivity of Near-Infrared-II Emitting Rare Earth Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37390496 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth doped nanoparticles (RENPs) are attracting increasing interest in materials science due to their optical, magnetic, and chemical properties. RENPs can emit and absorb radiation in the second biological window (NIR-II, 1000-1400 nm) making them ideal optical probes for photoluminescence (PL) in vivo imaging. Their narrow emission bands and long PL lifetimes enable autofluorescence-free multiplexed imaging. Furthermore, the strong temperature dependence of the PL properties of some of these RENPs makes remote thermal imaging possible. This is the case of neodymium and ytterbium co-doped NPs that have been used as thermal reporters for in vivo diagnosis of, for instance, inflammatory processes. However, the lack of knowledge about how the chemical composition and architecture of these NPs influence their thermal sensitivity impedes further optimization. To shed light on this, we have systematically studied their emission intensity, PL decay time curves, absolute PL quantum yield, and thermal sensitivity as a function of the core chemical composition and size, active-shell, and outer-inert-shell thicknesses. The results revealed the crucial contribution of each of these factors in optimizing the NP thermal sensitivity. An optimal active shell thickness of around 2 nm and an outer inert shell of 3.5 nm maximize the PL lifetime and the thermal response of the NPs due to the competition between the temperature-dependent back energy transfer, the surface quenching effects, and the confinement of active ions in a thin layer. These findings pave the way for a rational design of RENPs with optimal thermal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Hamraoui
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian Andrea Torres-Vera
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Zabala Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mohammed Alqudwa Fattouh
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Benayas
- Nanobiology Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Nanobiology Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Maria Natile
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Padua, Italy
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e Tecnologie per l'Energia (ICMATE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 35131 Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Miguel Manso Silvan
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rubio-Zuazo
- Spanish CRG BM25-SpLine Beamline at the ESRF, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Instituto de Ciencias de los Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanobiology Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Sonia Melle
- Department of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar G Calderón
- Department of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rubio-Retama
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Yun B, Gu Z, Liu Z, Han Y, Sun Q, Li Z. Reducing Chemo-/Radioresistance to Boost the Therapeutic Efficacy against Temozolomide-Resistant Glioblastoma. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:38617-38630. [PMID: 35974468 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-/radioresistance is the most important reason for the failure of glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. Reversing the chemo-/radioresistance of GBM for boosting therapeutic efficacy is very challenging. Herein, we report a significant decrease in the chemo-/radioresistance of GBM by the in situ generation of SO2 within a tumor, which was released on demand from the prodrug 5-amino-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene 2,2-dioxide (ATD) loaded on rare-earth-based scintillator nanoparticles (i.e., NaYF4:Ce@NaLuF4:Nd@ATD@DSPE-PEG5000, ScNPs) under X-ray irradiation. Our novel X-ray-responsive ScNPs efficiently converted highly penetrating X-rays into ultraviolet rays for controlling the decomposition of ATD to generate SO2, which effectively damaged the mitochondria of temozolomide-resistant U87 cells to lower the production of ATP and inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression to reduce drug efflux. Meanwhile, the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) of drug-resistant tumor cells was also reduced to prevent the repair of damaged DNA and enhance cell apoptosis and the efficacy of chemo-/radiotherapy. The tumor growth was obviously suppressed, and the mice survived significantly longer than untreated temozolomide-resistant GBM-bearing mice. Our work demonstrates the potential of SO2 in reducing chemo-/radioresistance to improve the therapeutic effect against resistant tumors if it can be well controlled and in situ generated in tumor cells. It also provides insights into the rational design of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems for the controlled release of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Yun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengpeng Gu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yaobao Han
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Zhan W, Zhao B, Cui X, Liu J, Xiao X, Xu Y, She S, Hou C, Guo H. PDA modified NIR-II NaEr 0.8Yb 0.2F 4nanoparticles with high photothermal effect. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:385102. [PMID: 35609524 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac72b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA)-modified NaEr0.8Yb0.2 F4nanoparticles were synthesized, with strong NIR-II emission, quantum yield of 29.63%, and excellent photothermal performance. Crystal phases and microstructures are characterized. Optical properties such as absorption, NIR-II emission, and light stability are studied, and the luminescence mechanism is discussed in detail. Key factors in NIR-II imaging were evaluated in fresh pork tissue, including penetration depth, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A high penetration depth of 5 mm and a high spatial resolution of 1 mm were detected. Mice are imaged in vivo afterintravenousinjection. Due to the accumulation of nanoparticles in the liver, high image quality with an SNR of 5.2 was detected in the abdomen of KM mice with hair. The photothermal conversion effect of PDA-modified NPs was twice that of the reported material. These NIR-II nanoparticles have superior optical properties, high photothermal efficiency and low cytotoxicity, and are potential fluorescent probes for further disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifan Zhan
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fourth Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chinese, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsong Liu
- Xi'an Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xusheng Xiao
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantao Xu
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfei She
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqi Hou
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Center for Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Khurana A, Anchi P, Allawadhi P, Kumar V, Sayed N, Packirisamy G, Godugu C. Superoxide dismutase mimetic nanoceria restrains cerulein induced acute pancreatitis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1805-1825. [PMID: 31267840 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to assess the effect of nanoceria (NC) on pancreatic inflammation caused by cerulein. Methods: NC was characterized and in vitro studies were carried out in murine macrophages. The in vivo effects were tested on cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Results: In vitro treatment with NC remarkably protected macrophages from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress as evident from the results of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, JC-1 and MitoSox staining. In vivo treatment with NC showed potent superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic activity, antipancreatitis activity and improved histology. Furthermore, it reduced the expression of p65-NF-κB and acetylation of histone H3 at lysine K14, K56 and K79 residues. Conclusion: We for the first time, demonstrate that NC may be a promising candidate for the therapy of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pratibha Anchi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
| | - Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India.,Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Del Rosal B, Ortgies DH, Fernández N, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Jaque D, Rodríguez EM. Overcoming Autofluorescence: Long-Lifetime Infrared Nanoparticles for Time-Gated In Vivo Imaging. Adv Mater 2016; 28:10188-10193. [PMID: 27711997 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The always present and undesired contribution of autofluorescence is here completely avoided by combining a simple time gating technology with long lifetime neodymium doped infrared-emitting nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Del Rosal
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Dirk H Ortgies
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Emma Martín Rodríguez
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
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7
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Ximendes EC, Santos WQ, Rocha U, Kagola UK, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Fernández N, Gouveia-Neto ADS, Bravo D, Domingo AM, del Rosal B, Brites CDS, Carlos LD, Jaque D, Jacinto C. Unveiling in Vivo Subcutaneous Thermal Dynamics by Infrared Luminescent Nanothermometers. Nano Lett 2016; 16:1695-703. [PMID: 26845418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of core/shell engineering of rare earth doped luminescent nanoparticles has ushered a new era in fluorescence thermal biosensing, allowing for the performance of minimally invasive experiments, not only in living cells but also in more challenging small animal models. Here, the potential use of active-core/active-shell Nd(3+)- and Yb(3+)-doped nanoparticles as subcutaneous thermal probes has been evaluated. These temperature nanoprobes operate in the infrared transparency window of biological tissues, enabling deep temperature sensing into animal bodies thanks to the temperature dependence of their emission spectra that leads to a ratiometric temperature readout. The ability of active-core/active-shell Nd(3+)- and Yb(3+)-doped nanoparticles for unveiling fundamental tissue properties in in vivo conditions was demonstrated by subcutaneous thermal relaxation monitoring through the injected core/shell nanoparticles. The reported results evidence the potential of infrared luminescence nanothermometry as a diagnosis tool at the small animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erving Clayton Ximendes
- Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Weslley Queiroz Santos
- Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | - Uéslen Rocha
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Upendra Kumar Kagola
- Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | - Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria. Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Artur da Silva Gouveia-Neto
- Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | - David Bravo
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Martín Domingo
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca del Rosal
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos D S Brites
- Departamento de Física and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro , 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Dias Carlos
- Departamento de Física and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro , 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria. Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9100 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Jacinto
- Grupo de Fotônica e Fluidos Complexos, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas , 57072-900, Maceió-AL, Brazil
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