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Nishimura A, Uppuluri R, Raj R, Swaminathan VV, Cheng Y, Abu-Arja RF, Fu B, Laberko A, Albert MH, Hauck F, Bucciol G, Bigley V, Elcombe S, Kharya G, Pronk CJH, Wehr C, Neven B, Warnatz K, Meyts I, Morio T, Gennery AR, Kanegane H. An International Survey of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1827-1839. [PMID: 37454339 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an inborn error of immunity caused by variants in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). XLA patients require lifelong immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT). Only few XLA patients are indicated for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) because of severe complications. Accordingly, the published transplantation experience in XLA is minimal. We aimed to collect clinical data of XLA patients who received HCT in an international framework and to establish appropriate transplantation criteria and methods for XLA patients. METHODS XLA patients were recruited through a questionnaire and a literature review. The data are on patient characteristics and transplantation methods and outcomes. RESULTS In this study, twenty-two XLA patients who underwent HCT were recruited. The indication for HCT was recurrent or life-threatening infection in sixteen patients, malignancy in three, and other factors in three. A myeloablative conditioning, reduced toxicity myeloablative conditioning (RT-MAC), and reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) were selected in four, ten, and eight patients, respectively. Engraftment was achieved in 21 patients (95%). In all patients, 2-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 86% and 77%, respectively. In patients who received RT-MAC or RIC using treosulfan, busulfan, or melphalan, 2-year OS and EFS were 82% and 71%, respectively. Finally, twenty-one patients (95%) obtained complete or stable high-level mixed chimerism (50-95%), and the 1-year discontinuation rate of IgRT was 89%. CONCLUSION Based on the concept in which IgRT is the standard treatment for XLA, HCT may be an effective and safe alternative treatment option for XLA patients, and IgRT can be discontinued following transplantation. It is ideal to perform HCT in XLA patients for whom transplantation is indicated before they develop organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramya Uppuluri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - Revathi Raj
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | | | - Yifei Cheng
- Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rolla F Abu-Arja
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alexandra Laberko
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael H Albert
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgia Bucciol
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Venetia Bigley
- Department of Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Suzanne Elcombe
- Department of Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gaurav Kharya
- Center for Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Claudia Wehr
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Department of Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
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