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Lee TH, Liu PS, Wang SJ, Tsai MM, Shanmugam V, Hsieh HL. Bradykinin, as a Reprogramming Factor, Induces Transdifferentiation of Brain Astrocytes into Neuron-like Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:923. [PMID: 34440126 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinins are endogenous, biologically active peptides released into the plasma and tissues via the kallikrein-kinin system in several pathophysiological events. Among kinins, bradykinin (BK) is widely distributed in the periphery and brain. Several studies on the neuro-modulatory actions of BK by the B2BK receptor (B2BKR) indicate that this neuropeptide also functions during neural fate determination. Previously, BK has been shown to induce differentiation of nerve-related stem cells into neuron cells, but the response in mature brain astrocytes is unknown. Herein, we used rat brain astrocyte (RBA) to investigate the effect of BK on cell transdifferentiation into a neuron-like cell morphology. Moreover, the signaling mechanisms were explored by zymographic, RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining analyses. We first observed that BK induced RBA transdifferentiation into neuron-like cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated that BK-induced RBA transdifferentiation is mediated through B2BKR, PKC-δ, ERK1/2, and MMP-9. Finally, we found that BK downregulated the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and upregulated the neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase (NSE) via the B2BKR/PKC-δ/ERK pathway in the event. Therefore, BK may be a reprogramming factor promoting brain astrocytic transdifferentiation into a neuron-like cell, including downregulation of GFAP and upregulation of NSE and MMP-9 via the B2BKR/PKC-δ/ERK cascade. Here, we also confirmed the transdifferentiative event by observing the upregulated neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN). However, the electrophysiological properties of the cells after BK treatment should be investigated in the future to confirm their phenotype.
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Javaid N, Pham TLH, Choi S. Functional Comparison between VP64-dCas9-VP64 and dCas9-VP192 CRISPR Activators in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E397. [PMID: 33401508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversal in the transcriptional status of desired genes has been exploited for multiple research, therapeutic, and biotechnological purposes. CRISPR/dCas9-based activators can activate transcriptionally silenced genes after being guided by gene-specific gRNA(s). Here, we performed a functional comparison between two such activators, VP64-dCas9-VP64 and dCas9-VP192, in human embryonic kidney cells by the concomitant targeting of POU5F1 and SOX2. We found 22- and 6-fold upregulations in the mRNA level of POU5F1 by dCas9-VP192 and VP64-dCas9-VP64, respectively. Likewise, SOX2 was up-regulated 4- and 2-fold using dCas9-VP192 and VP64dCas9VP64, respectively. For the POU5F1 protein level, we observed 3.7- and 2.2-fold increases with dCas9-VP192 and VP64-dCas9-VP64, respectively. Similarly, the SOX2 expression was 2.4- and 2-fold higher with dCas9-VP192 and VP64-dCas9-VP64, respectively. We also confirmed that activation only happened upon co-transfecting an activator plasmid with multiplex gRNA plasmid with a high specificity to the reference genes. Our data revealed that dCas9-VP192 is more efficient than VP64-dCas9-VP64 for activating reference genes.
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Zhang M, Wang C, Jiang H, Liu M, Yang N, Zhao L, Hou D, Jin Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Wang J, Dai Y, Li R. Derivation of novel naive-like porcine embryonic stem cells by a reprogramming factor-assisted strategy. FASEB J 2019; 33:9350-9361. [PMID: 31125263 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802809r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of ungulate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has been notoriously difficult via a conventional approach. We combined a traditional ESC culture method with reprogramming factors to assist the establishment of porcine naive-like ESCs (nESCs). Pig embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with a tetracycline-inducible vector carrying 4 classic mouse reprogramming factors, followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer and culturing to the blastocyst stage. Then, the inner cell mass was isolated and seeded in culture medium. The naive-like ESCs had characteristic verys similar to those of mouse ESCs and showed no signs of altered morphology or differentiation, even after 130 passages. They depended on leukemia inhibitory factor signals for maintenance of pluripotency, and the female cell lines had low expression of the X-inactive specific transcript gene and no histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation spot. Notably, the ESCs differentiated into 3 germ layers in vitro and could be induced to undergo directional neural and kidney precursor differentiation under defined conditions, and the ESCs could keep proliferating after doxycycline was removed. nESCs can be established, and the well-characterized ESC lines will be useful for the research of transgenic pig models for human disease.-Zhang, M., Wang, C., Jiang, H., Liu, M., Yang, N., Zhao, L., Hou, D., Jin, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Dai, Y., Li, R. Derivation of novel naive-like porcine embryonic stem cells by a reprogramming factor-assisted strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manling Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daorong Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junzheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Yamaguchi S, Marumoto T, Nii T, Kawano H, Liao J, Nagai Y, Okada M, Takahashi A, Inoue H, Sasaki E, Fujii H, Okano S, Ebise H, Sato T, Suyama M, Okano H, Miura Y, Tani K. Characterization of common marmoset dysgerminoma-like tumor induced by the lentiviral expression of reprogramming factors. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:402-8. [PMID: 24521492 PMCID: PMC4317795 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPSCs) has made a significant impact on the field of human regenerative medicine. Prior to the clinical application of iPSCs, testing of their safety and usefulness must be carried out using reliable animal models of various diseases. In order to generate iPSCs from common marmoset (CM; Callithrix jacchus), one of the most useful experimental animals, we have lentivirally transduced reprogramming factors, including POU5F1 (also known as OCT3/4), SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC into CM fibroblasts. The cells formed round colonies expressing embryonic stem cell markers, however, they showed an abnormal karyotype denoted as 46, X, del(4q), +mar, and formed human dysgerminoma-like tumors in SCID mice, indicating that the transduction of reprogramming factors caused unexpected tumorigenesis of CM cells. Moreover, CM dysgerminoma-like tumors were highly sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, and fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, and their growth was dependent on c-MYC expression. These results indicate that DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, and c-MYC-targeted therapies might represent effective treatment strategies for unexpected tumors in patients receiving iPSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomotoshi Marumoto
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University HospitalFukuoka, Japan
| | - Takenobu Nii
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kawano
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Jiyuan Liao
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagai
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okada
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University HospitalFukuoka, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- KEIO-RIKEN Research Center for Human Cognition, Keio UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Okano
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hayao Ebise
- Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo PharmaOsaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshie Miura
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University HospitalFukuoka, Japan
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