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Majumder K, Morales AJ. Utilization of Host Cell Chromosome Conformation by Viral Pathogens: Knowing When to Hold and When to Fold. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633762. [PMID: 33841414 PMCID: PMC8027251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though viruses have their own genomes, many depend on the nuclear environment of their hosts for replication and survival. A substantial body of work has therefore been devoted to understanding how viral and eukaryotic genomes interact. Recent advances in chromosome conformation capture technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to visualize how mammalian genomes are organized and, by extension, how packaging of nuclear DNA impacts cellular processes. Recent studies have indicated that some viruses, upon entry into host cell nuclei, produce factors that alter host chromatin topology, and thus, impact the 3D organization of the host genome. Additionally, a variety of distinct viruses utilize host genome architectural factors to advance various aspects of their life cycles. Indeed, human gammaherpesviruses, known for establishing long-term reservoirs of latent infection in B lymphocytes, utilize 3D principles of genome folding to package their DNA and establish latency in host cells. This manipulation of host epigenetic machinery by latent viral genomes is etiologically linked to the onset of B cell oncogenesis. Small DNA viruses, by contrast, are tethered to distinct cellular sites that support virus expression and replication. Here, we briefly review the recent findings on how viruses and host genomes spatially communicate, and how this impacts virus-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Human Cancer Virology Program, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Abigail J Morales
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Hausen AZ, Samarska IV. Reactivation of BK Polyomavirus in Urine Cytology is Not Associated with Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. Viruses 2020; 12:E1412. [PMID: 33302606 DOI: 10.3390/v12121412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) has been associated with some high-grade and special urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) subtypes in immunosuppressed patients. Here, we evaluated the relationship of BKPyV-positive urine cytology specimens (UCS) with UCC. A large single-institution database was retrospectively searched for UCS positive for decoy cells, suggesting BKPyV infection. These were tested for the presence of BKPyV by PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in urine sediments and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of UCC. Decoy cells were reported in 30 patients out of the database with 22.867 UCS. Of these 30 patients, 16 (53.3%) had no history of UCC. Six patients out of these 16 had a history of transplantation, 4 had a history of severe chronic medical conditions, and 6 had no chronic disease. The other fourteen patients were diagnosed with either in situ or invasive UCC of the urinary bladder (14/30; 46.6%) prior to the detection of decoy cells in the urine. Nine of these UCC patients received intravesical treatment (BCG or mitomycin) after the first presentation with UCC. However, the clinical data on the treatment of the other five UCC patients was lacking. IHC identified BKPyV-positivity in the urine samples of non-UCC and UCC patients, while no BKPyV positivity was found in FFPE tissues of primary UCCs and metastases. In addition, BKPyV-PCR results revealed the presence of BKPyV DNA in the urine of the UCC cases, yet none in the UCC tissues itself. These data strongly indicate that BKPyV reactivation is not restricted to immunosuppression. It can be found in UCS of the immunocompetent patients and may be related to the intravesical BCG or mitomycin treatment of the UCC patients.
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Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Chteinberg E, Alharbi RA, Winnepenninckx V, Speel EJM, Rennspiess D, Olde Damink SW, Neumann UP, Kurz AK, Samarska I, zur Hausen A. High Prevalence of Human Polyomavirus 7 in Cholangiocarcinomas and Adjacent Peritumoral Hepatocytes: Preliminary Findings. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081125. [PMID: 32726909 PMCID: PMC7464213 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare biliary-duct malignancy with poor prognosis. Recently, the presence of the human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) has been reported in the bile of diverse hepatobiliary diseases, particularly in the bile of CCA patients. Here, we investigated the presence of novel HPyVs in CCA tissues using diverse molecular techniques to assess a possible role of HPyVs in CCA. Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues of 42 CCA patients were included in this study. PCR-based screening for HPyVs was conducted using degenerated and HPyV-specific primers. Following that, we performed FISH, RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess the presence of HPyVs in selected tissues. Of all 42 CCAs, 25 (59%) were positive for one HPyV, while 10 (24%) CCAs were positive for 2 HPyVs simultaneously, and 7 (17%) were negative for HPyVs. Of the total 35 positive CCAs, 19 (45%) were positive for HPyV7, 4 (9%) for HPyV6, 2 (5%) for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), 8 (19%) for both HPyV7/MCPyV, and 2 (5%) for both HPyV6/HPyV7 as confirmed by sequencing. The presence of viral nucleic acids was confirmed by specific FISH, while the RNA-ISH confirmed the presence of HPyV6 on the single-cell level. In addition, expression of HPyV7, HPyV6, and MCPyV proteins were confirmed by IHC. Our results strongly indicate that HPyV7, HPyV6, and MCPyV infect bile duct epithelium, hepatocytes, and CCA cells, which possibly suggest an indirect role of these viruses in the etiopathogenesis of CCA. Furthermore, the observed hepatotropism of these novel HPyV, in particular HPyV7, might implicate a role of these viruses in other hepatobiliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65779, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emil Chteinberg
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Raed A. Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65779, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Ernst Jan M. Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Dorit Rennspiess
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.W.O.D.); (U.P.N.)
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P. Neumann
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.W.O.D.); (U.P.N.)
- Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Kordelia Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Iryna Samarska
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.K.); (G.M.); (E.C.); (V.W.); (E.J.M.S.); (D.R.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-433-874-634
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Provenzano M, Allayeh AK. Liquid Biopsy to Detect DNA/RNA Based Markers of Small DNA Oncogenic Viruses for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prediction. Front Oncol 2020; 10:778. [PMID: 32733786 PMCID: PMC7362723 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abdou Kamal Allayeh
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Virology Lab 176, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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