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Chen Y, Lei Y, Wang H, Wang L, Xu J, Wang S, Yu M, Peng Z, Xiao F, Tian D, Liu M. Sophoricoside attenuates autoimmune‑mediated liver injury through the regulation of oxidative stress and the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:78. [PMID: 37477163 PMCID: PMC10555480 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is increasing, yet specific pharmacotherapies remain to be explored. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sophoricoside (SOP), a bioactive component of medical herbs, on AIH and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Bioinformatic approaches were used to predict the potential targets and underlying regulatory mechanisms of SOP on AIH. The effects of SOP on AIH were evaluated by determining the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, histological liver injury and hepatic fibrosis in an improved chronic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)‑AIH mouse model and in a model of concanavalin‑A (ConA)‑induced acute immune‑mediated liver injury. The antioxidant activity of SOP was detected in in vivo and in vitro experiments. The selected signal targeted by SOP in AIH was further confirmed using western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The results of bioinformatic analysis revealed that the targets of SOP in AIH were related to oxidative stress and the NF‑κB gene set. The NF‑κB transcription factor family is a key player that controls both innate and adaptive immunity. The activation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway is often associated with autoimmune disorders. In the animal experiments, SOP attenuated CYP2D6/ConA‑induced AIH, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the levels of hepatic enzymes in serum, inflammatory cytokine expression and histological lesions in the liver. The oxidative response in AIH was also significantly inhibited by SOP, as evidenced by a decrease in the levels of hepatic malondialdehyde, and elevations in the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase levels. The results of the in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that SOP significantly reduced the enhanced expression and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated p65 NF‑κB in the livers of mice with AIH and in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated AML12 cells. On the whole, the present study demonstrates the protective role of SOP in AIH, which may be mediated by limiting the oxidative response and the activation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Meiping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhangqi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Chai B, Jiang Y, Ni Y, Han R. [Engineering the 182 site of cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase for glycosylated genistein synthesis]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:749-759. [PMID: 35234395 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.210144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Genistein and its monoglucoside derivatives play important roles in food and pharmaceuticals fields, whereas their applications are limited by the low water solubility. Glycosylation is regarded as one of the effective approaches to improve water solubility. In this paper, the glycosylation of sophoricoside (genistein monoglucoside) was investigated using a cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase from Penibacillus macerans (PmCGTase). Saturation mutagenesis of D182 from PmCGTase was carried out. Compared with the wild-type (WT), the variant D182C showed a 13.42% higher conversion ratio. Moreover, the main products sophoricoside monoglucoside, sophoricoside diglucoside, and sophoricoside triglucoside of the variant D182C increased by 39.35%, 56.05% and 64.81% compared with that of the WT, respectively. Enzymatic characterization showed that the enzyme activities (cyclization, hydrolysis, disproportionation) of the variant D182C were higher than that of the WT, and the optimal pH and temperature of the variant D182C were 6 and 40℃, respectively. Kinetics analysis showed the variant D182C has a lower Km value and a higher kcat/Km value than that of the WT, indicating the variant D182C has enhanced affinity to substrate. Structure modeling and docking analysis demonstrated that the improved glycosylation efficiency of the variant D182C may be attributed to the increased interactions between residues and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Chai
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Ni
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruizhi Han
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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Bampali E, Germer S, Bauer R, Kulić Ž. HPLC-UV/HRMS methods for the unambiguous detection of adulterations of Ginkgo biloba leaves with Sophora japonica fruits on an extract level. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:438-443. [PMID: 33886418 PMCID: PMC8079001 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1910717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaf extract is one of the most frequently sold herbal extracts. There have been reports on poor quality and adulteration of ginkgo leaf extracts or the powdered plant material with extracts or powder of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott (Fabaceae) (syn. Sophora japonica L.) fruits, which is rich in flavone glycosides. OBJECTIVE The study investigates whether ginkgo leaves genuinely contain genistein and sophoricoside and whether these two substances could be used as markers to detect adulterations with sophora fruits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 33 samples of dried ginkgo leaves were sourced from controlled plantations in China, the USA, and France. After extraction, the samples were analyzed using two high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV/HRMS methods for the detection of genistein and sophoricoside, respectively. Chromatograms were compared to standard reference materials. RESULTS In none of the tested ginkgo samples, neither genistein nor sophoricoside could be detected. The applied method was designed to separate genistein from apigenin. The latter is a genuine compound of ginkgo leaves, and its peak may have been previously misidentified as genistein because of the same molecular mass. The method for the detection of sophoricoside allows identification of the adulteration with sophora fruit without prior hydrolysis. By both HPLC methods, it was possible to detect adulterations of ≥2% sophora fruits in the investigated ginkgo extract. CONCLUSION The methods allow unambiguous detection of adulterations of ginkgo leaves with sophora fruits, using genistein and sophoricoside as marker compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bampali
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Preclinical Research & Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co., Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Germer
- Analytical Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co., Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Žarko Kulić
- Preclinical Research & Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co., Karlsruhe, Germany
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Zhang Y, Li F, Jiang X, Jiang X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Fan S, Xin L, Yang B, Ji G, Huang C. Sophoricoside is a selective LXRβ antagonist with potent therapeutic effects on hepatic steatosis of mice. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3168-3179. [PMID: 32592532 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and associated with obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Currently, there is no therapy for NAFLD. Emerging evidences suggest that the inhibition of liver X receptor (LXR) activity may be a potential therapy for hepatic steatosis. Here, we identified that sophoricoside is a selective antagonist of LXRβ. Sophoricoside protected against obesity and glucose tolerance, and inhibited lipid accumulation in the liver of high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice and methionine and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mice. Furthermore, sophoricoside inhibited malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione in the liver of the mice. In HepG2 cells, pretreatment with sophoricoside rescued GSH concentration decrease induced by H2 O2 treatment. Our data suggest that sophoricoside is a novel LXRβ selective antagonist and may improve glucose and lipid dysfunction, and attenuate lipid accumulation in the liver of DIO mice via anti-oxidant properties, which may be developed as a therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianjun Xin
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baican Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yang L, Xu Y, Zhang W. Sophoricoside attenuates neuronal injury and altered cognitive function by regulating the LTR-4/NF-κB/PI3K signalling pathway in anaesthetic-exposed neonatal rats. Arch Med Sci 2020; 20:248-254. [PMID: 38414447 PMCID: PMC10895946 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.93638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the protective effects of sophoricoside on neuronal injury and cognitive dysfunction in anaesthetic-exposed neonatal rats. Material and methods Neuronal injury was induced in rat pups by exposure to isoflurane (0.75%) with 30% oxygen for 6 h on P7. The protective effects of sophoricoside were evaluated by assessing cognitive function using the neurological score and Morris water maze. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed in hippocampus tissue using a TUNEL assay. The cytokine and macrophage inflammatory protein levels were assessed by ELISA. Western blot assays and RT-PCR were performed to assess the expression of NF-κB, TLR-4, Akt, and PI3K proteins in neuronal tissues. Immunohistochemical and histopathological changes were observed in the brain tissues of isoflurane-induced neuronal injury rats. Results The sophoricoside treatment improved cognitive and neuronal function in rats exposed to isoflurane. Cytokine and MIP levels in the brain tissues of isoflurane-exposed rats decreased. However, sophoricoside treatment attenuated the expression of TLR-4, PI3K, and Akt protein in the brain tissues of isoflurane-exposed rats. The histopathology improved in the sophoricoside-treated isoflurane-exposed rats. Conclusions Sophoricoside treatment protects against neuronal injury and reduced cognitive function in isoflurane-induced neuronal injury rats by regulating TLR-4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yucan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Xing C, Zhang GS, Gong NB, hua Du G, Lu Y. New crystal forms and amorphous phase of sophoricoside: X-ray structures and characterization. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:181905. [PMID: 30800407 PMCID: PMC6366211 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sophoricoside, which is an isoflavone glycoside found in many plant species, has recently attracted attention because of its anti-fertility activity. One solvent-free form, two solvatomorphs and an amorphous phase of sophoricoside are reported for the first time. X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the different forms. The results show that factors such as crystal symmetry, intermolecular arrangement, conformational flexibility, hydrogen-bonding interactions and solvent incorporation lead to different solid-state forms. An investigation of the transformations of the four forms showed that they can interconvert with each other under certain conditions. Amorphous phase and solvatomorphism were unstable but can improve the solubility of sophoricoside in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo shun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning bo Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan hua Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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