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Luo Q, Zhong Z, Sun K, Scotti A, Zhou XJ. Gradient-echo-train-based sub-millisecond periodic event encoded dynamic imaging with random (k, t)-space undersampling: k-t get-SPEEDI. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1690-1701. [PMID: 35666824 PMCID: PMC9339512 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The gradient‐echo‐train‐based Sub‐millisecond Periodic Event Encoded Dynamic Imaging (get‐SPEEDI) technique provides ultrahigh temporal resolutions (∼0.6 ms) for detecting rapid physiological activities, but its practical adoption can be hampered by long scan times. This study aimed at developing a more efficient variant of get‐SPEEDI for reducing the scan time without degrading temporal resolution or image quality. Methods The proposed pulse sequence, named k‐t get‐SPEEDI, accelerated get‐SPEEDI acquisition by undersampling the k‐space phase‐encoding lines semi‐randomly. At each time frame, k‐space was fully sampled in the central region whereas randomly undersampled in the outer regions. A time‐series of images was reconstructed using an algorithm based on the joint partial separability and sparsity constraints. To demonstrate the performance of k‐t get‐SPEEDI, images of human aortic valve opening and closing were acquired with 0.6‐ms temporal resolution and compared with those from conventional get‐SPEEDI. Results k‐t get‐SPEEDI achieved a 2‐fold scan time reduction over the conventional get‐SPEEDI (from ∼6 to ∼3 min), while achieving comparable SNRs and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNRs) for visualizing the dynamic process of aortic valve: SNR/CNR ≈ 70/38 vs. 73/39 in the k‐t and conventional get‐SPEEDI scans, respectively. The time courses of aortic valve area also matched well between these two sequences with a correlation coefficient of 0.86. Conclusions The k‐t get‐SPEEDI pulse sequence was able to half the scan time without compromising the image quality and ultrahigh temporal resolution. Additional scan time reduction may also be possible, facilitating in vivo adoptions of SPEEDI techniques. Click here for author‐reader discussions
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Luo
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kaibao Sun
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandro Scotti
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaohong Joe Zhou
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhong Z, Sun K, Dan G, Luo Q, Zhou XJ. MRI with sub-millisecond temporal resolution over a reduced field of view. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:3166-3174. [PMID: 34270138 PMCID: PMC8568630 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate an MRI pulse sequence-Sub-millisecond Periodic Event Encoded Dynamic Imaging with a reduced field of view (or rFOV-SPEEDI)-for decreasing the scan times while achieving sub-millisecond temporal resolution. METHODS rFOV-SPEEDI was based on a variation of SPEEDI, known as get-SPEEDI, which used each echo in an echo-train to sample a distinct k-space raster by synchronizing with a cyclic event. This can produce a set of time-resolved images of the cyclic event with a temporal resolution determined by the echo spacing (typically < 1 ms). rFOV-SPEEDI incorporated a 2D radiofrequency (RF) pulse into get-SPEEDI to limit the field of view (FOV), leading to reduction in phase-encoding steps and subsequently decreased scan times without compromising the spatial resolution. Two experiments were performed at 3T to illustrate rFOV-SPEEDI's capability of capturing fast-changing electric currents in a phantom and the rapid opening and closing of aortic valve in human subjects over reduced FOVs. The results were compared with those from full FOV get-SPEEDI. RESULTS In the first experiment, the rapidly varying currents (50-200 Hz) were successfully captured with a temporal resolution of 0.8 ms, and agreed well with the applied currents. In the second experiment, the rapid opening and closing processes of aortic valve were clearly visualized with a temporal resolution of 0.6 ms over a reduced FOV (12 × 12 cm2 ). In both experiments, the acquisition times of rFOV-SPEEDI were decreased by 33%-50% relative to full FOV get-SPEEDI acquisitions and the spatial resolution was maintained. CONCLUSION Reducing the FOV is a viable approach to shortening the scan times in SPEEDI, which is expected to help stimulate SPEEDI applications for studying ultrafast, cyclic physiological and biophysical processes over a focal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaibao Sun
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guangyu Dan
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qingfei Luo
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaohong Joe Zhou
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gattinger P, Zorin I, Rankl C, Brandstetter M. Spectral-Coding-Based Compressive Single-Pixel NIR Spectroscopy in the Sub-Millisecond Regime. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:5563. [PMID: 34451004 DOI: 10.3390/s21165563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we present a high-speed, multiplex, grating spectrometer based on a spectral coding approach that is founded on principles of compressive sensing. The spectrometer employs a single-pixel InGaAs detector to measure the signals encoded by an amplitude spatial light modulator (digital micromirror device, DMD). This approach leads to a speed advantage and multiplex sensitivity advantage atypical for standard dispersive systems. Exploiting the 18.2 kHz pattern rate of the DMD, we demonstrated 4.2 ms acquisition times for full spectra with a bandwidth of 450 nm (5250–4300 cm−1; 1.9–2.33 µm). Due to the programmability of the DMD, spectral regions of interest can be chosen freely, thus reducing acquisition times further, down to the sub-millisecond regime. The adjustable resolving power of the system accessed by means of computer simulations is discussed, quantified for different measurement modes, and verified by comparison with a state-of-the-art Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. We show measurements of characteristic polymer absorption bands in different operation regimes of the spectrometer. The theoretical multiplex advantage of 8 was experimentally verified by comparison of the noise behavior of the spectral coding approach and a standard line-scan approach.
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Zhong Z, Sun K, Dan G, Luo Q, Farzaneh-Far A, Karaman MM, Zhou XJ. Visualization of Human Aortic Valve Dynamics Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Sub-Millisecond Temporal Resolution. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:1246-1254. [PMID: 33761166 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visualization of aortic valve dynamics is important in diagnosing valvular diseases but is challenging to perform with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to the limited temporal resolution. PURPOSE To develop an MRI technique with sub-millisecond temporal resolution and demonstrate its application in visualizing rapid aortic valve opening and closing in human subjects in comparison with echocardiography and conventional MRI techniques. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Twelve healthy subjects. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T; gradient-echo-train-based sub-millisecond periodic event encoded imaging (get-SPEEDI) and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP). ASSESSMENT Images were acquired using get-SPEEDI with a temporal resolution of 0.6 msec. get-SPEEDI was triggered by an electrocardiogram so that each echo in the gradient echo train corresponded to an image at a specific time point, providing a time-resolved characterization of aortic valve dynamics. For comparison, bSSFP was also employed with 12 msec and 24 msec temporal resolutions, respectively. The durations of the aortic valve rapid opening (Tro ), rapid closing (Trc ), and the maximal aortic valve area (AVA) normalized to height were measured with all three temporal resolutions. M-mode echocardiograms with a temporal resolution of 0.8 msec were obtained for further comparison. STATISTICAL TEST Parameters were compared between the three sequences, together with the echocardiography results, with a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Significantly shorter Tro (mean ± SD: 27.5 ± 6.7 msec) and Trc (43.8 ± 11.6 msec) and larger maximal AVA/height (2.01 ± 0.29 cm2 /m) were measured with get-SPEEDI compared to either bSSFP sequence (Tro of 56.3 ± 18.8 and 63.8 ± 20.2 msec; Trc of 68.2 ± 16.6 and 72.8 ± 18.2 msec; maximal AVA/height of 1.63 ± 0.28 and 1.65 ± 0.32 cm2 /m for 12 msec and 24 msec temporal resolutions, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, the get-SPEEDI results were more consistent with those measured using echocardiography, especially for Tro (29.0 ± 4.1 msec, P = 0.79) and Trc (41.6 ± 4.3 msec, P = 0.16). DATA CONCLUSION: get-SPEEDI allows for visualization of human aortic valve dynamics and provided values closer to those measured using echocardiography than the bSSFP sequences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaibao Sun
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guangyu Dan
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qingfei Luo
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Afshin Farzaneh-Far
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meryem Muge Karaman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaohong Joe Zhou
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Müller J, Bakkum DJ, Hierlemann A. Sub-millisecond closed-loop feedback stimulation between arbitrary sets of individual neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 6:121. [PMID: 23335887 PMCID: PMC3541546 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a system to artificially correlate the spike timing between sets of arbitrary neurons that were interfaced to a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) high-density microelectrode array (MEA). The system features a novel reprogrammable and flexible event engine unit to detect arbitrary spatio-temporal patterns of recorded action potentials and is capable of delivering sub-millisecond closed-loop feedback of electrical stimulation upon trigger events in real-time. The relative timing between action potentials of individual neurons as well as the temporal pattern among multiple neurons, or neuronal assemblies, is considered an important factor governing memory and learning in the brain. Artificially changing timings between arbitrary sets of spiking neurons with our system could provide a “knob” to tune information processing in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Müller
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich Basel, Switzerland
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