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Corona-García C, Onchi A, Santiago AA, Soto TE, Vásquez-García SR, Pacheco-Catalán DE, Vargas J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Proton Conductivity of Muconic Acid-Based Polyamides Bearing Sulfonated Moieties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4499. [PMID: 38231907 PMCID: PMC10707785 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Most commercially available polymers are synthesized from compounds derived from petroleum, a finite resource. Because of this, there is a growing interest in the synthesis of new polymeric materials using renewable monomers. Following this concept, this work reports on the use of muconic acid as a renewable source for the development of new polyamides that can be used as proton-exchange membranes. Muconic acid was used as a comonomer in polycondensation reactions with 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p-phenyleneoxy)dianiline, 2,5-diaminobencensulfonic acid, and 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid as comonomers in the synthesis of two new series of partially renewable aromatic-aliphatic polyamides, in which the degree of sulfonation was varied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, and 19F-NMR) techniques were used to confirm the chemical structures of the new polyamides. It was also observed that the degree of sulfonation was proportional to the molar ratio of the diamines in the feed. Subsequently, membranes were prepared by casting, and a complete characterization was conducted to determine their decomposition temperature (Td), glass transition temperature (Tg), density (ρ), and other physical properties. In addition, water uptake (Wu), ion-exchange capacity (IEC), and proton conductivity (σp) were determined for these membranes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine the conductivity of the membranes. MUFASA34 exhibited a σp value equal to 9.89 mS·cm-1, being the highest conductivity of all the membranes synthesized in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Corona-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico; (C.C.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Alejandro Onchi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico; (C.C.-G.); (A.O.)
| | - Arlette A. Santiago
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Tania E. Soto
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Salomón Ramiro Vásquez-García
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, General Francisco J. Múgica s/n, Morelia C.P. 58060, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Daniella Esperanza Pacheco-Catalán
- Unidad de Energía Renovable, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto Km 5, Sierra Papacal, Mérida C.P. 97302, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Joel Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico; (C.C.-G.); (A.O.)
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Hsieh TL, Guo WH, Chang MY, Huang WY, Wen HY. Electric Field-Assisted Filling of Sulfonated Polymers in ePTFE Backing Material for Fuel Cell. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12100974. [PMID: 36295733 PMCID: PMC9611903 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study fabricated a composite ePTFE-backed proton-exchange membrane by filling the pores on the ePTFE backing with sulfonated polyarylene ethers through an externally supplied electric field. The morphology changes were observed under an SEM. The results suggested that the application of an electric field had led to the effective filling of pores by polymers. In addition, the composite membrane featured good dimensional stability and swelling ratio, and its water uptake, proton conductivity and component efficiency increased with voltage. It is found in this study that the external application of an electric field resulted in the effective filling of pores in the ePTFE by sulfonated polyarylene ether polymers and, thus, an improved composite membrane performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Li Hsieh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Guo
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ying Chang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
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Munyentwali A, Li C, Li H, Yang Q. Synthesis of Sulfonated Porous Organic Polymers with a Hydrophobic Core for Efficient Acidic Catalysis in Organic Transformations. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2041-2047. [PMID: 34060243 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of sulfonated porous polymers with improved hydrophobicity and stability is of extreme importance in both academic research and industrial applications. However, there is often a trade-off between acidity and surface hydrophobicity of sulfonated polymers. In this study, we report a strategy for the synthesis of sulfonated porous organic polymers (S-PT) with improved hydrophobicity via free radical polymerization method by using a rigid and large multidentate monomer, 1,3,5-tri(4-vinylphenyl)-benzene, having a hydrophobic core. The results of vapor adsorption measurement show that S-PT has more hydrophobic properties than sulfonated poly(divinylbenzene) (S-PD), attributed to the hydrophobic core of its multidentate monomer. Furthermore, the optimization of sulfonation time established a balance between surface acidity and hydrophobicity. Under optimized conditions, S-PT afforded up to 113 mmol g-1 h-1 TOF in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol, more active than commercial Amberlyst-15 with TOF of 15 mmol g-1 h-1 and Nafion NR50 with TOF of 7 mmol g-1 h-1 . We believe that the findings of this study will provide useful insights to advance the design and synthesis of solid acid catalysts for organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Munyentwali
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chunzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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Corona-García C, Onchi A, Santiago AA, Martínez A, Pacheco-Catalán DE, Alfonso I, Vargas J. Synthesis and Characterization of Partially Renewable Oleic Acid-Based Ionomers for Proton Exchange Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E130. [PMID: 33396908 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The future availability of synthetic polymers is compromised due to the continuous depletion of fossil reserves; thus, the quest for sustainable and eco-friendly specialty polymers is of the utmost importance to ensure our lifestyle. In this regard, this study reports on the use of oleic acid as a renewable source to develop new ionomers intended for proton exchange membranes. Firstly, the cross-metathesis of oleic acid was conducted to yield a renewable and unsaturated long-chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, which was further subjected to polycondensation reactions with two aromatic diamines, 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p-phenyleneoxy)dianiline and 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, as comonomers for the synthesis of a series of partially renewable aromatic-aliphatic polyamides with an increasing degree of sulfonation (DS). The polymer chemical structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, and 19F NMR) spectroscopy, which revealed that the DS was effectively tailored by adjusting the feed molar ratio of the diamines. Next, we performed a study involving the ion exchange capacity, the water uptake, and the proton conductivity in membranes prepared from these partially renewable long-chain polyamides, along with a thorough characterization of the thermomechanical and physical properties. The highest value of the proton conductivity determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was found to be 1.55 mS cm−1 at 30 °C after activation of the polymer membrane.
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Choi SW, Kim TH, Cha SH. Patents on Membranes Based on Non-Fluorinated Polymers for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 2017; 11:123-129. [PMID: 27799030 DOI: 10.2174/187221051102170711153255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) have received considerable attention as large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems. In particular, VRFBs offer a higher power and energy density than other RFBs and mitigate undesirable performance fading, such as inevitable ion crossover, because of the unique advantage that only the vanadium ion is employed as the active species in the two electrolytes. DESCRIPTION The key constituent of VRFBs is a separator to conduct protons and prevent cross-mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes. For this purpose, ion exchange membranes like sulfonated polymer membranes can be used. Although this type of membrane does not have ion exchange groups, it can achieve an ion exchange capacity by the formation of pores. CONCLUSION This review highlights the patents on the preparation of non-fluorinated membranes (sulfonated aromatic polymer membranes and porous membranes) as alternatives to high-cost perfluorinated polymers and their VRFB performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Won Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Korea
- Research Center for Membrane, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Research Center for Membrane, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Korea
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