1
|
Adam-Cervera I, Huerta-Recasens J, Gómez CM, Culebras M, Muñoz-Espí R. Nanoencapsulation of Organic Phase Change Materials in Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) for Energy Storage and Conversion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:100. [PMID: 38201765 PMCID: PMC10780879 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the encapsulation of two organic phase change materials (PCMs), hexadecane and octadecane, through the formation of nanocapsules of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) obtained by oxidative polymerization in miniemulsion. The energy storage capacity of nanoparticles is studied by preparing polymer films on supporting substrates. The results indicate that the prepared systems can store and later release thermal energy in the form of latent heat efficiently, which is of vital importance to increase the efficiency of future thermoelectric devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Culebras
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (J.H.-R.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (J.H.-R.); (C.M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dipon W, Gamboa B, Estrada M, Flynn WP, Guo R, Bhalla A. Self-Sustainable IoT-Based Remote Sensing Powered by Energy Harvesting Using Stacked Piezoelectric Transducer and Thermoelectric Generator. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1428. [PMID: 37512739 PMCID: PMC10383025 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a self-powered remote multi-sensing system for traffic sensing which is powered by the collective energy harvested from the mechanical vibration of the road caused by the passing vehicles and from the temperature gradient between the asphalt of the road and the soil underneath. A stacked piezoelectric transducer converts mechanical vibrations into electrical energy and a thermoelectric generator harvests the thermal energy from the thermal gradient. Electrical energy signals from the stacked piezoelectric transducer and the thermoelectric generators are converted into usable DC power to recharge the battery using AC-DC and DC-DC converters working simultaneously. The multi-sensing system comprises an embedded system with a microcontroller that acquires data from the sensors and sends the sensory data to an IoT transceiver which transmits the data as RF packets to an ethernet gateway. The gateway converts the RF packets into Internet Protocol (IP) packets and sends them to a remote server. Laboratory and road-testing results showed over 98% sensory data accuracy with the system functioning solely powered by the energy harvested from the alternative energy sources. The successful maximum transmission distance obtained between the IoT, and the gateway was approximately 1 mile, which is a considerable transmission distance achieved in an urban environment. Successful operation of the self-powered multi-sensing system under both laboratory and road conditions contributes considerably to the fields of energy harvesting and self-powered remote sensing systems. The energy flow chart and efficiency for the steps in the system were found to be mechanical power from vehicles to the energy harvester of 0.25%, stacked PZT transducer efficiency was found to be 37%, and for the TEGs the efficiency is 11%. AC-to-DC and DC-to-DC converters' efficiencies were found to be 90% and 11%. The wireless communication RF transceiver efficiency was found to be 62.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Dipon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Bryan Gamboa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Maximilian Estrada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - William Paul Flynn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ruyan Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Amar Bhalla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karalis G, Mytafides CK, Tzounis L, Paipetis AS, Barkoula NM. An Approach toward the Realization of a Through-Thickness Glass Fiber/Epoxy Thermoelectric Generator. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:2173. [PMID: 33922849 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability of a 10-ply glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminate to operate as a structural through-thickness thermoelectric generator. For this purpose, inorganic tellurium nanowires were mixed with single-wall carbon nanotubes in a wet chemical approach, capable of resulting in a flexible p-type thermoelectric material with a power factor value of 58.88 μW/m·K2. This material was used to prepare an aqueous thermoelectric ink, which was then deposited onto a glass fiber substrate via a simple dip-coating process. The coated glass fiber ply was laminated as top lamina with uncoated glass fiber plies underneath to manufacture a thermoelectric composite capable of generating 54.22 nW power output at a through-thickness temperature difference οf 100 K. The mechanical properties of the proposed through-thickness thermoelectric laminate were tested and compared with those of the plain laminates. A minor reduction of approximately 11.5% was displayed in both the flexural modulus and strength after the integration of the thermoelectric ply. Spectroscopic and morphological analyses were also employed to characterize the obtained thermoelectric nanomaterials and the respective coated glass fiber ply.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee JY, Wang CM, Chi CL, Wu SR, Lin YX, Wei MK, Lin CH. Enhanced Heat-Electric Conversion via Photonic-Assisted Radiative Cooling. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11040983. [PMID: 33920386 PMCID: PMC8069017 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an inorganic polymer composite film is proposed as an effective radiative cooling device. The inherent absorption is enhanced by choosing an appropriately sized SiO2 microsphere with a diameter of 6 μm. The overall absorption at the transparent window of the atmosphere is higher than 90%, as the concentration of SiO2–PMMA composite is 35 wt%. As a result, an effective radiative device is made by a spin coating process. Moreover, the device is stacked on the cold side of a thermoelectric generator chip. It is found that the temperature gradient can be increased via the effective radiative cooling process. An enhanced Seebeck effect is observed, and the corresponding output current can be enhanced 1.67-fold via the photonic-assisted radiative cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Yi Lee
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan; (J.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-M.W.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +886-3-4227151 (ext. 25248) (C.-M.W.); +886-3-8903188 (C.-H.L.)
| | - Chieh-Lun Chi
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan; (J.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Sheng-Rui Wu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Xun Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan; (Y.-X.L.); (M.-K.W.)
| | - Mao-Kuo Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan; (Y.-X.L.); (M.-K.W.)
| | - Chu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan; (J.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.-M.W.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +886-3-4227151 (ext. 25248) (C.-M.W.); +886-3-8903188 (C.-H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu J, Zhu H, Kong L, Wang H, Su J, Zhu Q. Analysis of Nonlinear Transient Energy Effect on Thermoelectric Energy Storage Structure. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3639. [PMID: 32824500 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In complex flight conditions, due to the large amount of unusable heat generated by aerodynamic heating, the thermal protection system of an aircraft needs to withstand a large temperature shock, which brings great challenges to the design of the structure. In order to effectively utilize the irregular aerodynamic heat, and improve structural heat conduction, a composite structure is formed by using phase change energy storage materials on the basis of the thermoelectric structure, which transforms the aerodynamic waste heat into stable electric energy for the internal system. Through the study of the response of nonlinear transient energy, it is found that the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of the new structure can be improved by adding phase change energy storage materials. Under actual flight conditions, the new structure can reduce the maximum temperature by 180 K and the maximum thermal stress by 110 Mpa. The mechanical properties of the structure are effectively improved, the service life of the structure is prolonged, and the waste heat can be converted into stable electrical energy output to improve the thermoelectric output performance. On the premise of ensuring conversion efficiency, the output power of the new structure has been improved by 64.8% through structural optimization under actual flight conditions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kishore RA, Nozariasbmarz A, Poudel B, Priya S. High-Performance Thermoelectric Generators for Field Deployments. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:10389-10401. [PMID: 32040298 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric power generation is a reliable energy harvesting technique for directly converting heat into electricity. Recent studies have reported the thermal-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) up to 11% under laboratory settings. However, the practical efficiency of TEGs deployed under real environments is still not more than a few percent. In this study, we provide fundamental insight on the operation of TEGs in realistic environments by illustrating the combinatory effect of thermoelectric material properties, device boundary conditions, and environmental thermal resistivity on TEG performance in conjunction with the module parameters. Using numerical and experimental studies, we demonstrate the existence of a critical heat transfer coefficient that dramatically affects the design and performance of TEGs. Results provide a set of concrete design criteria for developing efficient TEGs that meet the metrics for field deployments. High-performance TEGs demonstrated in this study generated up to 28% higher power and 162% higher power per unit mass of thermoelectric materials as compared to the commercial module deployed for low-grade waste heat recovery. This advancement in understanding the TEG operation will have a transformative impact on the development of scalable thermal energy harvesters and in realizing their practical targets for efficiency, power density, and total output power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Anant Kishore
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Amin Nozariasbmarz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bed Poudel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shashank Priya
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saraereh OA, Alsaraira A, Khan I, Choi BJ. A Hybrid Energy Harvesting Design for On-Body Internet-of-Things (IoT) Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E407. [PMID: 31936887 DOI: 10.3390/s20020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Internet-of-things (IoT) has been gradually paving the way for the pervasive connectivity of wireless networks. Due to the ability to connect a number of devices to the Internet, many applications of IoT networks have recently been proposed. Though these applications range from industrial automation to smart homes, healthcare applications are the most critical. Providing reliable connectivity among wearables and other monitoring devices is one of the major tasks of such healthcare networks. The main source of power for such low-powered IoT devices is the batteries, which have a limited lifetime and need to be replaced or recharged periodically. In order to improve their lifecycle, one of the most promising proposals is to harvest energy from the ambient resources in the environment. For this purpose, we designed an energy harvesting protocol that harvests energy from two ambient energy sources, namely radio frequency (RF) at 2.4 GHz and thermal energy. A rectenna is used to harvest RF energy, while the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is employed to harvest human thermal energy. To verify the proposed design, extensive simulations are performed in Green Castalia, which is a framework that is used with the Castalia simulator in OMNeT++. The results show significant improvements in terms of the harvested energy and lifecycle improvement of IoT devices.
Collapse
|
8
|
Stöcker T, Moos R. Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Phase Stability of Copper⁻Iron Delafossites at Elevated Temperatures. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1888. [PMID: 30279371 PMCID: PMC6213647 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxide-based materials are promising candidates for use in high temperature thermoelectric generators. While their thermoelectric performance is inferior to commonly used thermoelectrics, oxides are environmentally friendly and cost-effective. In this study, Cu-based delafossites (CuFeO₂), a material class with promising thermoelectric properties at high temperatures, were investigated. This work focuses on the phase stability of CuFeO₂ with respect to the temperature and the oxygen partial pressure. For this reason, classical material characterization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were combined in order to elucidate the phase composition of delafossites at 900 °C at various oxygen partial pressures. The experimentally obtained results are supported by the theoretical calculation of the Ellingham diagram of the copper⁻oxygen system. In addition, hot-stage X-ray diffraction and long-term annealing tests of CuFeO₂ were performed in order to obtain a holistic review of the phase stability of delafossites at high temperatures and varying oxygen partial pressure. The results support the thermoelectric measurements in previous publications and provide a process window for the use of CuFeO₂ in thermoelectric generators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stöcker
- Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum für Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum für Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|