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Hanna S, Aly R, Eldeen GN, Adanero Velasco A, Pérez Alfayate R. Small Molecule GSK-3 Inhibitors Safely Promote the Proliferation and Viability of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells-In Vitro. Biomedicines 2023; 11. [PMID: 36831078 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecules have demonstrated promising results as successful alternatives to growth factors. In this study, focus was drawn to CHIR99021 and tideglusib as GSK-3 inhibitors known for their anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential. The effect of both tideglusib and CHIR99021 on the proliferation, viability, and stemness of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) was investigated to assess their possible role in regenerative dentistry. Briefly, hDPSCs were isolated from sound premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes. Cytotoxicity and proliferation assessment were performed via cell counting kit-8 followed by flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic marker ANNEXIN V. The effect of both small molecules on the stemness of hDPSCs was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Both tideglusib and CHIR99021 were proven to be safe on hDPSCs. The tideglusib concentration that resulted in higher viable cells was 100 nM, while the concentration for CHIR99021 was 5 nM. Both small molecules successfully induced cellular proliferation and demonstrated minimal expression of ANNEXIN V, indicative of the absence of cellular apoptosis and further confirming their positive effect on proliferation. Finally, both small molecules enhanced stemness markers expression as evidenced by qRT-PCR, which, again, highlighted the positive effect of both tideglusib and CHIR99021 on safely promoting the proliferation of hDPSCs while maintaining their stemness.
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Divya TC, Muddappa SC, Singh P, Rajan RR, Remya M, Sreehari D. Drug Repurposing for Tooth Regeneration: The Promising Premises. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S957-S959. [PMID: 35017906 PMCID: PMC8687015 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_67_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing which identifies new therapeutic use(s) for drugs currently in use is a brand-new avenue of research interest worldwide. It circumvents the high-end monetary and time investment usually associated with contemporary drug discoveries. In the field of dentistry, recent studies in drug repurposing focuses in attaining dentin repair or reduction of bone resorption associated with apical periodontitis. Metformin, an anti-diabetic drug has shown pro-osteogenic properties. Aspirin a known anti-inflammatory agent with anticoagulant action is found to modulate the differentiation of dental pulp cells. The significant role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors in activating the Wnt/-beta cat signaling pathway of mesenchymal pulp stem cells may pave the way to the pharmacological treatment of dental caries in near future. It is to be noted here that further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted for the regular therapeutic use of these potential drugs in clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- TC Divya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Thrissur, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Dr Divya Ranadev, Chidambaram, 1 Surabhi Gardens, Chiyyaram, Thrissur - 680026. E-mail:
| | - Sapna Chandira Muddappa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Prabath Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Rakesh R Rajan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - M Remya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Deepthy Sreehari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita school of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Rico A, Guembelzu G, Palomo V, Martínez A, Aiastui A, Casas-Fraile L, Valls A, López de Munain A, Sáenz A. Allosteric Modulation of GSK-3β as a New Therapeutic Approach in Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy R1 Calpain 3-Related. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7367. [PMID: 34298987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R1 calpain 3-related (LGMDR1) is an autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy produced by mutations in the CAPN3 gene. It is a rare disease and there is no cure or treatment for the disease while the pathophysiological mechanism by which the absence of calpain 3 provokes the dystrophy in muscles is not clear. However, key proteins implicated in Wnt and mTOR signaling pathways, which regulate muscle homeostasis, showed a considerable reduction in their expression and in their phosphorylation in LGMDR1 patients' muscles. Finally, the administration of tideglusib and VP0.7, ATP non-competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), restore the expression and phosphorylation of these proteins in LGMDR1 cells, opening the possibility of their use as therapeutic options.
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Matsunaga S, Fujishiro H, Takechi H. Efficacy and Safety of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:1031-1039. [PMID: 31156177 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to test GSK-3 inhibitors on AD patients. METHODS We included RCTs of GSK-3 inhibitors in AD patients and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), using cognitive function scores as a primary measure. RESULTS Five RCTs (three RCTs using lithium and two RCTs using tideglusib) with 568 patients were included. There was no significant difference in cognitive function scores between the GSK-3 inhibitors and placebo groups [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.25, p = 0.11, I2 = 55% ]. However, significant heterogeneity remained. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the lithium subgroup was more effective on cognitive function scores than placebo for AD and MCI (lithium subgroup: SMD = -0.41, p = 0.04; tideglusib subgroup: SMD = -0.02, p = 0.89). Moreover, a meta-regression analysis showed that the effect size of GSK-3 inhibitors on cognitive function scores was associated with study duration (coefficient, -0.0116). For safety outcomes, tideglusib was associated with a higher incidence of increased aspartate aminotransferase than placebo. There were no significant differences in other secondary outcomes between treatments. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that GSK-3 inhibitors were ineffective in treating AD and MCI; however, several studies included in the present meta-analysis were small, and future studies using a larger sample size are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Matsunaga
- Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Fujishiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Memorial Hospital, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Takechi
- Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Li J, Ma S, Chen J, Hu K, Li Y, Zhang Z, Su Z, Woodgett JR, Li M, Huang Q. GSK-3β Contributes to Parkinsonian Dopaminergic Neuron Death: Evidence From Conditional Knockout Mice and Tideglusib. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:81. [PMID: 32581704 PMCID: PMC7283909 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) dysregulation has been implicated in nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration, one of the main pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The two isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β, have both been suggested to play a detrimental role in neuronal death. To date, several studies have focused on the role of GSK-3β on PD pathogenesis, while the role of GSK-3α has been largely overlooked. Here, we report in situ observations that both GSK-3α and GSK-3β are dephosphorylated at a negatively acting regulatory serine, indicating kinase activation, selectively in nigral dopaminergic neurons following exposure of mice to 1-methyl-4-pheny-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). To identify whether GSK-3α and GSK-3β display functional redundancy in regulating parkinsonian dopaminergic cell death, we analysed dopaminergic neuron-specific Gsk3a null (Gsk3aΔDat) and Gsk3b null (Gsk3bΔDat) mice, respectively. We found that Gsk3bΔDat, but not Gsk3aΔDat, showed significant resistance to MPTP insult, revealing non-redundancy of GSK-3α and GSK-3β in PD pathogenesis. In addition, we tested the neuroprotective effect of tideglusib, the most clinically advanced inhibitor of GSK-3, in the MPTP model of PD. Administration of higher doses (200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) of tideglusib exhibited significant neuroprotection, whereas 50 mg/kg tideglusib failed to prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration from MPTP toxicity. Administration of 200 mg/kg tideglusib improved motor symptoms of MPTP-treated mice. Together, these data demonstrate GSK-3β and not GSK-3α is critical for parkinsonian neurodegeneration. Our data support the view that GSK-3β acts as a potential therapeutic target in PD and tideglusib would be a candidate drug for PD neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Kunhua Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - James R Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Pozner T, Schray A, Regensburger M, Lie DC, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Winkler J, Turan S, Winner B. Tideglusib Rescues Neurite Pathology of SPG11 iPSC Derived Cortical Neurons. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:914. [PMID: 30574063 PMCID: PMC6291617 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SPG11 cause a complicated autosomal recessive form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Mechanistically, there are indications for the dysregulation of the GSK3β/βCat signaling pathway in SPG11. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of the GSK3β inhibitor, tideglusib, to rescue neurodegeneration associated characteristics in an induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived neuronal model from SPG11 patients and matched healthy controls as well as a CRISPR-Cas9 mediated SPG11 knock-out line and respective control. SPG11-iPSC derived cortical neurons, as well as the genome edited neurons exhibited shorter and less complex neurites than controls. Administration of tideglusib to these lines led to the rescue of neuritic impairments. Moreover, the treatment restored increased cell death and ameliorated the membranous inclusions in iPSC derived SPG11 neurons. Our results provide a first evidence for the rescue of neurite pathology in SPG11-HSP by tideglusib. The current lack of disease-modifying treatments for SPG11 and related types of complicated HSP renders tideglusib a candidate compound for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Pozner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Schray
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Regensburger
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dieter Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Soeren Turan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lovestone S, Boada M, Dubois B, Hüll M, Rinne JO, Huppertz HJ, Calero M, Andrés MV, Gómez-Carrillo B, León T, del Ser T. A phase II trial of tideglusib in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 45:75-88. [PMID: 25537011 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ARGO study was a phase II, double-blind, placebo controlled, four parallel arm trial of tideglusib in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To prove the clinical efficacy of an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), in AD. METHODS Mild to moderate (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, 14-26) AD patients on cholinesterase inhibitor and/or memantine treatment were administered tideglusib or placebo for 26 weeks. The ADAS-cog15 was the primary efficacy measure; function, cognition, behavior, and quality of life were assessed as secondary measures; cerebral atrophy in MRI and the levels of tau, amyloid-β, and BACE1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were exploratory endpoints. RESULTS 306 AD patients were randomized to active (1000 mg QD: n = 86, 1000 mg QOD: n = 90, and 500 mg QD: n = 50) or placebo (n = 85) in 55 sites in four European countries. There were no statistically significant differences between either active and placebo arms in the efficacy variables. However, BACE1 in CSF significantly decreased with treatment in a small subgroup of patients. Participants with mild AD in the 500 mg QD group showed significant responses on ADAS-cog15, MMSE, and word fluency. Diarrhea (14-18% in active, 11% placebo) and dose-dependent, mild to moderate, and fully reversible transaminase increase (9-16% in active, 3.5% placebo) were the most frequent adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Short term (26 weeks) tideglusib was acceptably safe but produced no clinical benefit in this trial. However, given the non-linear dose response, especially in mildly affected patients, further dose finding studies in early disease stages and for longer duration are warranted to examine GSK-3 inhibition in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mercè Boada
- Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire, INSERM U1127, ICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hüll
- Centre for Geriatric Medicine Freiburg and Emmendingen Centre for Psychiatry, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre and Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Miguel Calero
- Chronic Disease Program, CIBERNED, and CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Teresa León
- Medical Department, Noscira SA, Madrid, Spain
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Stamelou M, Boxer AL. Disease-Modifying Treatments for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:3-5. [PMID: 30363906 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the development of disease-modifying treatments for PSP, targeting mainly at tau dysfunction. However, the glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor, tideglusib, and the microtubuli stabilizer, davunetide, both failed to show efficacy in recent double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Despite these results, further agents targeting tau dysfunction, tau post-translational modifications, or aiming at mictorubuli stabilization are currently being investigated. Further approaches under development include agents to reduce tau levels extracellularly by active or passive immunization, antisense oligonucleotides to reduce tau concentrations, and small interfering RNAs to suppress human tau expression. However, the major limitation on the way to find disease-modifying treatments for PSP still remains the lack of biomarkers. Indeed, for all of these potential therapeutic modalities, a well-designed human trial would require validated biomarkers, without which the results of negative efficacy trials will be difficult to interpret. In this regard, PET imaging using tau-specific ligands may be proven useful in the near future. There is great hope that the next decade will bring the first effective therapy for PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stamelou
- Movement Disorders Clinic Second Department of Neurology Attikon Hospital Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece.,Department of Movement Disorders Hygeia Hospital Athens Greece.,Neurology Clinic Philipps University Marburg Germany
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco California USA
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Tolosa E, Litvan I, Höglinger GU, Burn D, Lees A, Andrés MV, Gómez-Carrillo B, León T, Del Ser T. A phase 2 trial of the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 2014; 29:470-8. [PMID: 24532007 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) hyperphosphorylates tau protein in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The Tau Restoration on PSP (TAUROS) study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of tideglusib, a GSK-3 inhibitor, as potential treatment for PSP. The study enrolled 146 PSP patients with mild-to-moderate disease who were randomized to receive once-daily 600 mg tideglusib, 800 mg tideglusib, or placebo (ratio, 2:2:1) administered orally over 52 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to week 52 on the PSP rating scale. Secondary endpoints were safety and tolerability of tideglusib, changes in motor function (the Timed Up and Go Test), cognition (Dementia Rating Scale-2, Frontal Assessment Battery, verbal fluency), apathy (Starkstein scale), activities of daily living (Schwab and England scale; Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part II), quality of life (EuroQol), and Global Clinical Assessment. Brain atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging and several biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid also were examined. No significant differences were detected in the primary or secondary endpoints at week 52 between placebo and either dose of tideglusib. Tideglusib was safe, with the exception of some asymptomatic, transient, and reversible transaminase elevations (mainly alanine aminotransferase) in 9% of patients, and diarrhea in 13% of patients. Tideglusib was generally well tolerated but it did not show clinical efficacy in patients with mild-to-moderate PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tolosa
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universidad de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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