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de Rodas ML, Wang Y, Peng G, Gu J, Mino-Kenudson M, Riess JW, Velcheti V, Hellmann M, Gainor JF, Zhao H, Schalper KA. Objective Analysis and Clinical Significance of the Spatial Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Patterns in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:998-1008. [PMID: 38127300 PMCID: PMC10922461 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The spatial arrangement of lymphocytes in the tumor bed (e.g., immune infiltrated, immune excluded, immune desert) is expected to reflect distinct immune evasion mechanisms and to associate with immunotherapy outcomes. However, data supporting these associations are scant and limited by the lack of a clear definition for lymphocyte infiltration patterns and the subjective nature of pathology-based approaches. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used multiplexed immunofluorescence to study major tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subsets with single-cell resolution in baseline whole-tissue section samples from NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). The spatial TIL patterns were analyzed using a qualitative pathologist-based approach, and an objective analysis of TIL density ratios in tumor/stromal tissues. The association of spatial patterns with outcomes was studied for different TIL markers. RESULTS The analysis of CD8+ TIL patterns using qualitative assessment identified prominent limitations including the presence of a broad spectrum of phenotypes within most tumors and limited association with outcomes. The utilization of an objective method to classify NSCLCs showed the existence of at least three subgroups with partial overlap with those defined using visual patterns. Using this strategy, a subset of cases with "immune excluded-like" tumors showed prominently worse outcomes, suggesting reduced sensitivity to ICI; however, these results need to be validated. The analysis for other TIL subsets showed different results, underscoring the relevance of the marker selected for spatial TIL pattern evaluation and opportunities for market integration. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified major challenges associated with the qualitative spatial TIL pattern evaluation. We devised a novel objective strategy to overcome some of these limitations that has strong biomarker potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianlei Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Justin F. Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kurt A. Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Bin-Alee F, Chunthagonesupawit N, Meesakul T, Diloktaweewattana A, Mahattanasakul P, Mutirangura A, Ruangritchankul K, Keelawat S, Kitkumthorn N. High 4-1BB Expression in PBMCs and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ( TILs) in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:236-242. [PMID: 37130554 PMCID: PMC10959597 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 4-1BB is a costimulatory immune-activating molecule. Increased amounts of this protein have previously been found in the plasma of patients with oropharyngeal and oral cancer. Here, we focused on this molecule that functions as part of the immune system. We investigated 4-1BB in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression level of 4-1BB in the PBMCs was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The TIMER (Tumor Immune Estimation Resource) web server was utilized to approximate the 4-1BB level in HNSCC TILs. Moreover, 4-1BB immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to validate TILs in four organs of HNSCC, including oral cancer (OC), oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), sinonasal cancer (SNC), and laryngeal cancer (LC), in both the tumor area and adjacent normal epithelium. The difference in 4-1BB expression levels in various groups was assessed using a Kruskal-Wallis test and an independent sample t-test. RESULTS The level of 4-1BB expression in PBMCs was highest in OPC, followed by OC and healthy controls (HC). Significant differences were discovered between HC and OPC and between OC and OPC. Bioinformatics revealed a substantial correlation between 4-1BB expression level and lymphocyte infiltration in HNSCC, including B cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD4+ T cells. IHC validation in HNSCC tissue revealed that the average number of 4-1BB positive TILs in all four HNSCC subtypes was considerably greater than the number of lymphocytes seen in adjacent normal tissue. Interestingly, the number of lymphocytes that were 4-1BB positive increased in relation to the TIL level. CONCLUSION A higher number of 4-1BB expression levels were found in the PBMCs and TILs of HNSCC patients, implying that 4-1BB may be a promising approach for HNSCC patients to improve their immune function. It is important to study and create a treatment that uses 4-1BB medicine as well as existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardeela Bin-Alee
- Faculty of Medicine, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat, Thailand
| | | | - Tamonwan Meesakul
- Master of Science Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Areeya Diloktaweewattana
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Mahattanasakul
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Somboon Keelawat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Kitkumthorn
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kanagaraj P, Balasubramanian A, Suresh R, Somasundaram B, Sundaram S, Nagarajan P. Immunohistochemical Analysis of PD-1 and FOXP3 in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Human Gliomas. Cureus 2023; 15:e42352. [PMID: 37621817 PMCID: PMC10445181 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the growing advances in molecular research and therapeutics, gliomas continue to be highly invasive and progressive tumors. There is still a need for the development of reliable prognostic biomarkers for effective therapeutic intervention. This study aims to investigate the extent of immunosuppression in glial tumors by analyzing the clinical significance of the expressions of PD-1 and FOXP3 in gliomas. Methods This is a retrospective study from 52 glioma patients who underwent surgery. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PD-1 and FOXP3 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections manually and their expressions were noted. Data on IDH1 mutational status and mitotic index was collected and statistically analyzed. Results Immunohistochemical analysis showed that out of 52 cases, 71.15% (37/52) demonstrated cytoplasmic positivity for PD-1 and 73.1% (38/52) of the cases for nuclear FOXP3 expression. Statistical analysis suggested that elevated PD-1 and FOXP3 expressions were significantly correlated with tumor grade and increased mitotic index (P<0.05 for both the markers). Conclusion Concurrent use of checkpoint inhibitors along with other treatment modalities is being studied in a variety of solid tumors. Expressions of negative immune regulators like PD-1 and Foxp3 can pave way for a better understanding of the extent of immunosuppression in the glial tumor environment, which is imperative to formulate new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kanagaraj
- Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Raveena Suresh
- Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Sandhya Sundaram
- Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
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Huynh CG, Huynh NX, Truong HBT, Thai TT, Doan TPT. PD-L1 and TILs expression and their association with clinicopathological characteristics in Vietnamese women with primary invasive breast cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34222. [PMID: 37390260 PMCID: PMC10313285 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are promising new factors in the prognosis and prediction of breast cancer patients. Our study evaluated the prevalence of expression of TILs on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides, PD-L1 expression on immunohistochemistry, and their association with clinicopathological characteristics in Vietnamese women with invasive breast cancer. This study was conducted on 216 women with primary invasive breast cancer. The evaluation of TILs on the HE slides was based on the International TILs Working Group 2014 recommendation. PD-L1 protein expression was determined using the Combined Positive Score, the number of tumor cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages stained by PD-L1 divided by the total viable tumor cells multiplied by 100. Based on the cutoff of 11%, the prevalence of TILs expression was 35.6%, of which highly expressed TILs (≥50%) accounted for 15.3%. Postmenopausal women and those who had a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater had a higher odds of having TILs expression. However, patients who had the expression of Ki-67, HER-positive molecular subtype, and triple-negative subtype were more likely to have TILs expression. The prevalence of PD-L1 expression was 30.1%. A significantly higher odds of having PD-L1 was found in patients who had a history of benign breast disease, self-detected tumor and had TILs expression. The expression of TILs and PD-L1 is common in Vietnamese women with invasive breast cancer. Because of the importance of these expressions, routine evaluation to find women who had TILs and PD-L1 is needed so that treatment and prognosis can be optimized. Such routine evaluation can be targeted to those who had a high-risk profile found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Giang Huynh
- Department of Pathology, Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Huynh
- Department of Pathology, Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Bich Thi Truong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truc Thanh Thai
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thao Phuong Thi Doan
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Refolo MG, Lotesoriere C, Messa C, Caruso MG, D'Alessandro R. Integrated immune gene expression signature and molecular classification in gastric cancer: New insights. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:633-646. [PMID: 32170872 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0120-221r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is characterized by extreme heterogeneity due to histopathological differences, molecular characteristics, and immune gene expression signature. Until recently, several targeted therapies failed due to this complexity. The recent immunotherapy resulted in more effective and safe approaches in several malignancies. All tumors could be considered potentially immunogenic and the new knowledge regarding the interactions among tumor cells, immune cells, and tumor microenvironment (TME) allowed to reverse possible immune resistance. The immune response is a complex multisteps process that finely regulates the balance between the recognition of non-self and the prevention of autoimmunity. Cancer cells can use these pathways to suppress tumor immunity as a major mechanism of immune resistance. The recent molecular classifications of GCs by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and by the Asian Cancer Research (ACRG) networks, together with the identification of multiple biomarkers, open new perspectives for stratification of patients who might benefit from a long-term immune checkpoint therapy. One of the major processes that contribute to an immunosuppressive microenvironment is represented by tumor angiogenesis. The cellular mechanisms inducing both angiogenesis and immunosuppressive responses are often reached by the same cell types and soluble factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Recent studies point out that combinatorial strategies should be adapted as useful therapeutic approach to reverse the immunosuppressive status of microenvironment occurring in a relevant percentage of gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Refolo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Lotesoriere
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Messa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Caruso
- Ambulatory of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosalba D'Alessandro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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Villarroel-Espindola F, Yu X, Datar I, Mani N, Sanmamed M, Velcheti V, Syrigos K, Toki M, Zhao H, Chen L, Herbst RS, Schalper KA. Spatially Resolved and Quantitative Analysis of VISTA/PD-1H as a Novel Immunotherapy Target in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1562-1573. [PMID: 29203588 PMCID: PMC5884702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Determine the localized expression pattern and clinical significance of VISTA/PD-1H in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Experimental Design: Using multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), we performed localized measurements of VISTA, PD-1, and PD-L1 protein in 758 stage I-IV NSCLCs from 3 independent cohorts represented in tissue microarray format. The targets were selectively measured in cytokeratin+ tumor epithelial cells, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T-helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD20+ B lymphocytes and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages. We determined the association between the targets, clinicopathological/molecular variables and survival. Genomic analyses of lung cancer cases from TCGA were also performed.Results: VISTA protein was detected in 99% of NSCLCs with a predominant membranous/cytoplasmic staining pattern. Expression in tumor and stromal cells was seen in 21% and 98% of cases, respectively. The levels of VISTA were positively associated with PD-L1, PD-1, CD8+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages. VISTA expression was higher in T-lymphocytes than in macrophages; and in cytotoxic T cells than in T-helper cells. Elevated VISTA was associated with absence of EGFR mutations and lower mutational burden in lung adenocarcinomas. Presence of VISTA in tumor compartment predicted longer 5-year survival.Conclusions: VISTA is frequently expressed in human NSCLC and shows association with increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, PD-1 axis markers, specific genomic alterations and outcome. These results support the immunomodulatory role of VISTA in human NSCLC and suggests its potential as therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1562-73. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Department of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ila Datar
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nikita Mani
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Miguel Sanmamed
- Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Maria Toki
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lieping Chen
- Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Medical Oncology and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Medical Oncology and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
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Dushyanthen S, Beavis PA, Savas P, Teo ZL, Zhou C, Mansour M, Darcy PK, Loi S. Relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer. BMC Med 2015; 13:202. [PMID: 26300242 PMCID: PMC4547422 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While breast cancer has not been considered a cancer amenable to immunotherapeutic approaches, recent studies have demonstrated evidence of significant immune cell infiltration via tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in a subset of patient tumors. In this review we present the current evidence highlighting the clinical relevance and utility of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer. Retrospective and prospective studies have shown that the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is a prognostic marker for higher responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and better survival, particularly in triple negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer. Further work is required to determine the immune subsets important in this response and to discover ways of encouraging immune infiltrate in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes-negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathana Dushyanthen
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhi Ling Teo
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mariam Mansour
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Jiang R, Wang H, Deng L, Hou J, Shi R, Yao M, Gao Y, Yao A, Wang X, Yu L, Sun B. IL-22 is related to development of human colon cancer by activation of STAT3. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:59. [PMID: 23379788 PMCID: PMC3607898 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been previously reported that IL-22, one of the cytokines secreted by Th17 cells, demonstrates both a protective and inflammatory promotion effect in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through STAT3 signaling activation. We sought to investigate the role of IL-22 expression in colon cancer (CC). METHODS The expression of IL-22 and related molecules were detected in human CC, the detail function and mechanism of IL-22 were investigated by in vivo and in vitro model. RESULTS Our results demonstrated significant upregulation of IL-22 in human CC tumor infiltrated leukocytes (TILs) compared to peripheral lymphocytes. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that IL-22 expression was significantly higher in ulcerative colitis (UC) tissues versus normal colon tissues. Both IL-22 receptor α1 (IL-22RA1) and IL-23 were highly expressed in CC and UC tissues compared to normal controls. TILs exhibiting various IL-22 expression levels isolated from CC patients were demonstrated to enhance tumor growth and metastasis co-transplanted with Hct-116 cells underwent subcutaneous transplantation in mice model. Tumor growth and metastasis was promoted by STAT3 phosphorylation and upregulation of its downstream genes such as Bcl-xl, CyclinD1, and VEGF. In vitro studies confirmed the anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferation effect of IL-22 according to the BrdU cooperation assay and peroxide induced apoptosis analysis with or without the presence of IL-22. CONCLUSION In this study we demonstrated that excessive IL-22 in the CC and UC microenvironment leads to tumor growth, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of metastasis depend on STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiu Jiang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Lei Deng
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Hou
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yao
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yun Gao
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Yao
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lianzhen Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- The key Laboratory of living donor liver transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Pölcher M, Braun M, Friedrichs N, Rudlowski C, Bercht E, Fimmers R, Sauerwald A, Keyver-Paik MD, Kübler K, Büttner R, Kuhn WC, Hernando JJ. Foxp3(+) cell infiltration and granzyme B(+)/Foxp3(+) cell ratio are associated with outcome in neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:909-19. [PMID: 20087581 PMCID: PMC11030992 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can significantly reduce tumour burden in patients with primarily unresectable chemosensitive tumours, allowing a more complete cytoreduction during debulking surgery and facilitating evaluation of tumour chemosensitivity, identification of appropriate treatment options and improvement of intervention protocols. In this study, we investigate, using immunohistochemistry, the impact of platinum/taxane-based NAC (NAC) on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and their relationship with clinical outcome. All patients had clinical response, as shown by ascites volume and CA125 levels compared to pre-treatment findings. NAC intervention significantly increased CD4(+), CD8(+) and granzyme B(+) infiltration while Foxp3(+) accumulation remained unaffected. TILs were prognostically neutral for both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) before NAC. In contrast, after NAC, elevated granzyme B(+) infiltration displayed a tendency for improved PFS (log-rank 0.064). Further, low Foxp3(+) cell density was associated with longer PFS, as compared with strong Foxp3(+) infiltration (median 20.94 vs. 11.24 months; log-rank 0.0001) and with improved OS (median 30.75 vs. 16.04 months, respectively; log-rank 0.056), demonstrating clear prognostic significance for PFS. In addition, high granzyme B(+)/Foxp3(+) ratio post-NAC strongly correlated with improved PFS compared to low granzyme B(+)/Foxp3(+) cell ratio (median 17.88 vs. 11.24 months, respectively), and showed to be a favourable prognostic factor for PFS (log-rank 0.014). Our findings indicate that NAC elicited an immunologic profile in which low immunosuppressive Foxp3(+) infiltration and elevated numbers of activated granzyme B(+) cells were significantly associated with EOC-specific PFS, suggesting a contribution of immunologic effects to improved clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pölcher
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Centre for Integrated Oncology Bonn, Bonn University Medical Centre, Sigmund Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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Lim KHJ, Telisinghe PU, Abdullah MS, Ramasamy R. Possible significance of differences in proportions of cytotoxic T cells and B-lineage cells in the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes of typical and atypical medullary carcinomas of the breast. Cancer Immun 2010; 10:3. [PMID: 20092246 PMCID: PMC2964018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the breast is a high grade carcinoma that has a relatively favourable prognosis compared to atypical medullary carcinoma (AMC) and other more common breast carcinomas. In a retrospective study in Brunei Darussalam of all available biopsy samples, we compared the nature of the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in MC and AMC in relation to recorded tumour characteristics. CD4, CD8, CD20, CD25, CD45RO, and CD56 and common tumour biomarkers were detected immunohistochemically. The 11 cases of MC had no nodal metastases and survived without relapse, suggesting good tumour control. In contrast, 7 cases of nodal metastases and 1 relapse were observed in 12 AMCs. Although not statistically significant, there was a tendency for a greater proportion of AMCs to express the Her2/neu oncogene. Higher proportions of CD45RO+ and CD8+ cells, and lower levels of CD20+ cells, were characteristic of TILs in MC compared to AMC. The ratio of CTL to B-lineage cells in TILs in both tumours considered together was inversely related to the expression of HER2/neu and the presence of nodal metastases. The findings suggest that CTLs, rather than antibodies, may give better tumour control in MC relative to AMC. We propose that a comparison of the cellular, molecular and immunological characteristics of MC and AMC, as a paired model system, in a multi-centre investigation with a much larger number of samples will be valuable for better understanding mechanisms of tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ranjan Ramasamy
- Institute of Medicine, Universiti Brunei
DarussalamBrunei Darussalam
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Mann B, Gratchev A, Böhm C, Hanski ML, Foss HD, Demel G, Trojanek B, Schmidt-Wolf I, Stein H, Riecken EO, Buhr HJ, Hanski C. FasL is more frequently expressed in liver metastases of colorectal cancer than in matched primary carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1262-9. [PMID: 10098769 PMCID: PMC2362258 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma cells have recently been shown to express Fas ligand (FasL). This ligand could allow the tumour cells to evade activated tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by inducing their apoptosis and would thus promote tumour survival and possibly metastasis formation. To test this hypothesis in vivo we analysed the expression of FasL mRNA and protein in paired tissue samples of normal colonic mucosa (N), primary colorectal carcinomas (T) and their metastases (M) from a total of 21 patients by four different methods. Additionally, the presence and activation status of infiltrating lymphocytes, which might contribute to the total amount of FasL in the tissue, was determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the same samples. The frequency of FasL detection was 30-40% in T and was 60-100% in M, depending on the sensitivity of the method. Simultaneously, the amount of CD25 mRNA, used as a measure of the number of activated TILs, was in 90% of patients lower in M than in T. The increased frequency of FasL detection in liver metastases was therefore not due to the presence of activated TILs. We conclude that metastasizing subpopulations of colorectal tumour cells express FasL more frequently than the primary carcinomas and may be able to eliminate activated TILs in vivo via Fas/FasL-induced apoptosis or other hitherto unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mann
- Department of General Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Stephens M, Lim K, Stephens P, Thomas DW, Lim SH. Molecular characterisation of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998; 46:34-40. [PMID: 9520290 PMCID: PMC11037375 DOI: 10.1007/s002620050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is often associated with a lymphocytic infiltrate that is believed to represent an in vivo immune reaction to the tumour cells. In this study, the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) associated with primary OSCC were characterised molecularly in six newly-diagnosed patients to determine the nature of the immune response to the primary tumour. The primary tumours in three of the six patients were associated with a moderate to dense CD8+ T cell infiltrate whilst the cellular infiltrate in the other primary tumours was sparse. The CD3+ T cells were also HLA-DR+. In all cases, there were few CD56+ cells, suggesting that TIL were predominantly T cells bearing the alpha/beta T cell receptors (TCR). The TCR Vbeta repertoire of TIL in these six cases was analysed. TCR Vbeta gene usage by TIL was heterogeneous. A restricted usage of TCR Vbeta genes by TIL was evident in two tumours associated with a dense CD3+ T cell infiltrate. In one of these, there was histological evidence of tumour cell destruction by TIL. Further analysis of the predominant TCR Vbeta gene family used by TIL in this individual showed a unique in-frame nucleotide sequence in 100% of the transcripts. This recurrent transcript was not detected in the peripheral blood of this patient, indicating a local T cell clonal expansion in the vicinity of the tumour. Overall, these results suggest that activation and clonal expansion of T cells occurs and may play a role in local tumour destruction in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stephens
- Department of Haematology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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