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Lehrich BM, Abiri A, Nguyen TV, Bitner BF, Tong CCL, Kuan EC. Mutational landscape and predictors of survival in head and neck mucosal melanoma. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024; 14:858-861. [PMID: 37676479 PMCID: PMC10918024 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY POINTS Head and neck mucosal melanomas have a diverse mutational landscape with low mutational burden. A molecular subset (∼13%) has ROS1 mutations, which is an actionable driver mutation. ROS1-mutated patients have improved overall survival likely due to high mutational burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Lehrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Arash Abiri
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Theodore V. Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Benjamin F. Bitner
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Charles C. L. Tong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY
| | - Edward C. Kuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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2
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Evageliou N, Renfro LA, Geller J, Perlman E, Kalapurakal J, Paulino A, Dix D, Eklund MJ, Murphy AJ, Romao RLP, Ehrlich PF, Varela CR, Vallance K, Fernandez Hon CV, Dome JS, Mullen EA. Prognostic impact of lymph node involvement and loss of heterozygosity of 1p or 16q in stage III favorable histology Wilms tumor: A report from Children's Oncology Group Studies AREN03B2 and AREN0532. Cancer 2024; 130:792-802. [PMID: 37902955 PMCID: PMC10993001 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognostic impact of positive lymph nodes (LN+) and/or singular loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 1p or 16q were assessed in children with stage III favorable histology Wilms tumor (FHWT) enrolled on AREN0532 or AREN03B2 alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 635 stage III FHWT vincristine/dactinomycin/doxorubicin (DD4A)-treated patients met inclusion criteria. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival are reported overall and by LN sampling, LN status, LOH 1p, LOH 16q, and a combination of LN status and singular LOH. Patients with unknown or positive combined LOH of 1p and 16q status and AREN03B2-only patients with unknown outcomes or treatment other than DD4A were excluded. RESULTS EFS did not differ by study, supporting pooling. Lack of LN sampling (hazard ratio [HR], 2.12; p = .0037), LN positivity (HR, 2.78; p = .0002), LOH 1p (HR, 2.18; p = .0067), and LOH 16q (HR, 1.72; p = .042) were associated with worse EFS. Compared with patients with both LN- and LOH-, those with negative nodes but positive LOH 1p or 16q and those with LN+ but LOH- for 1p or 16q had significantly worse EFS (HR, 3.05 and 3.57, respectively). Patients positive for both LN and LOH had the worst EFS (HR, 6.33; overall group factor, p < .0001). CONCLUSION Findings confirm LN+ status as an adverse prognostic factor amplified by presence of singular LOH 1p or 16q, supporting study of intensified therapy for patients with LN+ in combination with singular LOH in a prospective clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Evageliou
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lindsay A Renfro
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Southern California and Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
| | - James Geller
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Elizabeth Perlman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - John Kalapurakal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Arnold Paulino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David Dix
- Division of Oncology, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meryle J Eklund
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rodrigo LP Romao
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, IWK Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Peter F Ehrlich
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carly R Varela
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA. (At the time of this work affiliation was Division of Oncology, Children’s National Hospital, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inova Fairfax Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Falls Church, Virginia.)
| | - Kelly Vallance
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children’s Hospital, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Conrad V Fernandez Hon
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Division of Oncology, Children’s National Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Elizabeth A Mullen
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Blood Disorders and Cancer Center, MA, USA
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3
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Han M, Perkins MH, Novaes LS, Xu T, Chang H. Advances in transposable elements: from mechanisms to applications in mammalian genomics. Front Genet 2023; 14:1290146. [PMID: 38098473 PMCID: PMC10719622 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1290146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been 70 years since Barbara McClintock discovered transposable elements (TE), and the mechanistic studies and functional applications of transposable elements have been at the forefront of life science research. As an essential part of the genome, TEs have been discovered in most species of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the relative proportion of the total genetic sequence they comprise gradually increases with the expansion of the genome. In humans, TEs account for about 40% of the genome and are deeply involved in gene regulation, chromosome structure maintenance, inflammatory response, and the etiology of genetic and non-genetic diseases. In-depth functional studies of TEs in mammalian cells and the human body have led to a greater understanding of these fundamental biological processes. At the same time, as a potent mutagen and efficient genome editing tool, TEs have been transformed into biological tools critical for developing new techniques. By controlling the random insertion of TEs into the genome to change the phenotype in cells and model organisms, critical proteins of many diseases have been systematically identified. Exploiting the TE's highly efficient in vitro insertion activity has driven the development of cutting-edge sequencing technologies. Recently, a new technology combining CRISPR with TEs was reported, which provides a novel targeted insertion system to both academia and industry. We suggest that interrogating biological processes that generally depend on the actions of TEs with TEs-derived genetic tools is a very efficient strategy. For example, excessive activation of TEs is an essential factor in the occurrence of cancer in humans. As potent mutagens, TEs have also been used to unravel the key regulatory elements and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Through this review, we aim to effectively combine the traditional views of TEs with recent research progress, systematically link the mechanistic discoveries of TEs with the technological developments of TE-based tools, and provide a comprehensive approach and understanding for researchers in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Matthew H. Perkins
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leonardo Santana Novaes
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tao Xu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Välimäki N, Jokinen V, Cajuso T, Kuisma H, Taira A, Dagnaud O, Ilves S, Kaukomaa J, Pasanen A, Palin K, Heikinheimo O, Bützow R, Aaltonen LA, Karhu A. Inherited mutations affecting the SRCAP complex are central in moderate-penetrance predisposition to uterine leiomyomas. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:460-474. [PMID: 36773604 PMCID: PMC10027472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (ULs) are benign smooth muscle tumors that are common in premenopausal women. Somatic alterations in MED12, HMGA2, FH, genes encoding subunits of the SRCAP complex, and genes involved in Cullin 3-RING E3 ligase neddylation are mutually exclusive UL drivers. Established predisposition genes explain only partially the estimated heritability of leiomyomas. Here, we examined loss-of-function variants across 18,899 genes in a cohort of 233,614 White European women, revealing variants in four genes encoding SRCAP complex subunits (YEATS4, ZNHIT1, DMAP1, and ACTL6A) with a significant association to ULs, and YEATS4 and ZNHIT1 strikingly rank first and second, respectively. Positive mutation status was also associated with younger age at diagnosis and hysterectomy. Moderate-penetrance UL risk was largely attributed to rare non-synonymous mutations affecting the SRCAP complex. To examine this disease phenotype more closely, we set out to identify inherited mutations affecting the SRCAP complex in our in-house sample collection of Finnish individuals with ULs (n = 860). We detected one individual with an ACTL6A splice-site mutation, two individuals with a YEATS4 missense mutation, and four individuals with DMAP1 mutations: one splice-site, one nonsense, and two missense variants. These individuals had large and/or multiple ULs, were often diagnosed at an early age, and many had family history of ULs. When a somatic second hit was found, ACTL6A and DMAP1 were silenced in tumors by somatic mutation and YEATS4 by promoter hypermethylation. Decreased H2A.Z staining was observed in the tumors, providing further evidence for the pathogenic nature of the germline mutations. Our results establish inactivation of genes encoding SRCAP complex subunits as a central contributor to moderate-penetrance UL predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Välimäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vilja Jokinen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatiana Cajuso
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Kuisma
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aurora Taira
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olivia Dagnaud
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Ilves
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Kaukomaa
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annukka Pasanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Palin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskari Heikinheimo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralf Bützow
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Auli Karhu
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Abstract
Dermatologists stand at the gateway of individualization of classification, treatment, and outcomes of acral melanoma patients. The acral melanoma genetic landscape differs in vital ways from that of other cutaneous melanomas. These differences have important implications in understanding pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis. The selection of molecularly targeted therapy must be adapted for acral melanoma. It is also critical to recognize that tumor development is far more complex than an isolated event, reliably treated by a medication acting on a single target. Tumors exhibit intratumor genetic heterogeneity, metastasis may have different genetic or epigenetic features than primary tumors, and tumor resistance may develop because of the activation of alternative genetic pathways. Microenvironmental, immune, and epigenetic events contribute and sustain tumors in complex ways. Treatment strategies with multiple targets are required to effectively disrupt the tumor ecosystem. This review attempts to translate the current molecular understanding of acral melanoma into digestible concepts relevant to the practice of dermatology. The focus is tumor genetics defining potentially treatable cancer pathways, contextualized within the relevant pathologic and molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M. Tod
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johann W. Schneider
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anne M. Bowcock
- Departments of Dermatology, Oncological Sciences and Genetics and Genome Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Willem I. Visser
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maritha J. Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Abstract
Kimura's neutral theory argued that positive selection was not responsible for an appreciable fraction of molecular substitutions. Correspondingly, quantitative analysis reveals that the vast majority of substitutions in cancer genomes are not detectably under selection. Insights from the somatic evolution of cancer reveal that beneficial substitutions in cancer constitute a small but important fraction of the molecular variants. The molecular evolution of cancer community will benefit by incorporating the neutral theory of molecular evolution into their understanding and analysis of cancer evolution-and accepting the use of tractable, predictive models, even when there is some evidence that they are not perfect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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7
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Abou-El-Ardat K, Seifert M, Becker K, Eisenreich S, Lehmann M, Hackmann K, Rump A, Meijer G, Carvalho B, Temme A, Schackert G, Schröck E, Krex D, Klink B. Comprehensive molecular characterization of multifocal glioblastoma proves its monoclonal origin and reveals novel insights into clonal evolution and heterogeneity of glioblastomas. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:546-557. [PMID: 28201779 PMCID: PMC5464316 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of primary glioblastoma (GBM) is poorly understood. Multifocal GBM (ie, multiple synchronous lesions in one patient) could elucidate GBM development. Methods We present the first comprehensive study of 12 GBM foci from 6 patients using array-CGH, spectral karyotyping, gene expression arrays, and next-generation sequencing. Results Multifocal GBMs genetically resemble primary GBMs. Comparing foci from the same patient proved their monoclonal origin. All tumors harbored alterations in the 3 GBM core pathways: RTK/PI3K, p53, and RB regulatory pathways with aberrations of EGFR and CDKN2A/B in all (100%) patients. This unexpected high frequency reflects a distinct genetic signature of multifocal GBMs and might account for their highly malignant and invasive phenotype. Surprisingly, the types of mutations in these genes/pathways were different in tumor foci from the same patients. For example, we found distinct mutations/aberrations in PTEN, TP53, EGFR, and CDKN2A/B, which therefore must have occurred independently and late during tumor development. We also identified chromothripsis as a late event and in tumors with wild-type TP53. Only 2 events were found to be early in all patients: single copy loss of PTEN and TERT promoter point mutations. Conclusions Multifocal GBMs develop through parallel genetic evolution. The high frequency of alterations in 3 main pathways suggests that these are essential steps in GBM evolution; however, their late occurrence indicates that they are not founder events but rather subclonal drivers. This might account for the marked genetic heterogeneity seen in primary GBM and therefore has important implications for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Abou-El-Ardat
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Seifert
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Becker
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Eisenreich
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Rump
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerrit Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Achim Temme
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krex
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Klink
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
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8
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Tatsi C, Bacopoulou F, Lyssikatos C, Belyavskaya E, Faucz F, Stratakis CA. Sporadic melanotic schwannoma with overlapping features of melanocytoma bearing a GNA11 mutation in an adolescent girl. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:10.1002/pbc.26400. [PMID: 28012237 PMCID: PMC6309823 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanotic schwannoma (MS) is a soft tissue neoplasm that shares histologic features with melanocytic tumors and schwannomas. A type of MS, called psammomatous MS (PMS), is associated with Carney complex (CNC), which is caused by PRKAR1A mutations. Other pigmented neoplasms, such as uveal melanomas and melanocytomas (MCs), are associated with genetic defects in other genes including GNA11. We report an adolescent female with a large sporadic mesenteric MS with complex histologic findings reminiscent of both PMS and MC. The lesion carried a mutation of the GNA11 gene. We conclude that sporadic MSs may occur rarely in adolescents without CNC; MSs may also be associated with somatic GNA11 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tatsi
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Christina Tatsi, SEGEN, NICHD, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, NIH-Clinical Research Center, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1862,USA, Tel: 001-301-496-4686; 001-301-402-0574,
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena Belyavskaya
- Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabio Faucz
- Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Abstract
More than 250,000 new cases of primary malignant brain tumors are diagnosed annually worldwide, 77% of which are gliomas. A small proportion of gliomas are caused by the inheritance of rare high-penetrance genetic variants or high-dose radiation. Since 2009, inherited genetic variants in 10 regions near eight different genes have been consistently associated with glioma risk via genome-wide association studies. Most of these variants increase glioma risk by 20-40%, but two have higher relative risks. One on chromosome 8 increases risk of IDH-mutated gliomas sixfold and another that affects TP53 function confers a 2.5-fold increased risk of glioma. Functions of some of the other risk variants are known or suspected, but future research will determine functions of other risk loci. Recent progress also has been made in defining subgroups of glioma based on acquired alterations within tumors. Allergy history has been consistently associated with reduced glioma risk, though the mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Future studies will need to be large enough so that environmental and constitutive genetic risk factors can be examined within molecularly defined, etiologically homogeneous subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Walsh
- Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiroko Ohgaki
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Margaret R Wrensch
- Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Abstract
KRAS is a potent oncogene and is mutated in about 30% of all human cancers. However, the biological context of KRAS-dependent oncogenesis is poorly understood. Genetically engineered mouse models of cancer provide invaluable tools to study the oncogenic process, and insights from KRAS-driven models have significantly increased our understanding of the genetic, cellular, and tissue contexts in which KRAS is competent for oncogenesis. Moreover, variation among tumors arising in mouse models can provide insight into the mechanisms underlying response or resistance to therapy in KRAS-dependent cancers. Hence, it is essential that models of KRAS-driven cancers accurately reflect the genetics of human tumors and recapitulate the complex tumor-stromal intercommunication that is manifest in human cancers. Here, we highlight the progress made in modeling KRAS-dependent cancers and the impact that these models have had on our understanding of cancer biology. In particular, the development of models that recapitulate the complex biology of human cancers enables translational insights into mechanisms of therapeutic intervention in KRAS-dependent cancers.
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