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Babaeipour R, Ouriadov A, Fox MS. Deep Learning Approaches for Quantifying Ventilation Defects in Hyperpolarized Gas Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lung: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1349. [PMID: 38135940 PMCID: PMC10740978 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth overview of Deep Neural Networks and their application in the segmentation and analysis of lung Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans, specifically focusing on hyperpolarized gas MRI and the quantification of lung ventilation defects. An in-depth understanding of Deep Neural Networks is presented, laying the groundwork for the exploration of their use in hyperpolarized gas MRI and the quantification of lung ventilation defects. Five distinct studies are examined, each leveraging unique deep learning architectures and data augmentation techniques to optimize model performance. These studies encompass a range of approaches, including the use of 3D Convolutional Neural Networks, cascaded U-Net models, Generative Adversarial Networks, and nnU-net for hyperpolarized gas MRI segmentation. The findings highlight the potential of deep learning methods in the segmentation and analysis of lung MRI scans, emphasizing the need for consensus on lung ventilation segmentation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Babaeipour
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Alexei Ouriadov
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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Zanette B, Munidasa S, Friedlander Y, Ratjen F, Santyr G. A 3D stack-of-spirals approach for rapid hyperpolarized 129 Xe ventilation mapping in pediatric cystic fibrosis lung disease. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1083-1091. [PMID: 36433705 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of a rapid 3D stack-of-spirals (3D-SoS) imaging acquisition for hyperpolarized 129 Xe ventilation mapping in healthy pediatric participants and pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) participants, in comparison to conventional Cartesian multislice (2D) gradient-recalled echo (GRE) imaging. METHODS The 2D-GRE and 3D-SoS acquisitions were performed in 13 pediatric participants (5 healthy, 8 CF) during separate breath-holds. Images from both sequences were compared on the basis of ventilation defect percent (VDP) and other measures of image similarity. The nadir of transient oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) decline due to xenon breath-holding was measured with pulse oximetry, and expressed as a percent change relative to baseline. RESULTS 129 Xe ventilation images were acquired in a breath-hold of 1.2-1.8 s with the 3D-SoS sequence, compared to 6.2-8.8 s for 2D-GRE. Mean ± SD VDP measures for 2D-GRE and 3D-SoS sequences were 5.02 ± 1.06% and 5.28 ± 1.08% in healthy participants, and 18.05 ± 8.26% and 18.75 ± 6.74% in CF participants, respectively. Across all participants, the intraclass correlation coefficient of VDP measures for both sequences was 0.98 (95% confidence interval: 0.94-0.99). The percent change in SpO2 was reduced to -2.1 ± 2.7% from -5.2 ± 3.5% with the shorter 3D-SoS breath-hold. CONCLUSION Hyperpolarized 129 Xe ventilation imaging with 3D-SoS yielded images approximately five times faster than conventional 2D-GRE, reducing SpO2 desaturation and improving tolerability of the xenon administration. Analysis of VDP and other measures of image similarity demonstrate excellent agreement between images obtained with both sequences. 3D-SoS holds significant potential for reducing the acquisition time of hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI, and/or increasing spatial resolution while adhering to clinical breath-hold constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Zanette
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samal Munidasa
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonni Friedlander
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giles Santyr
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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McCallister A, Chung SH, Antonacci M, Z Powell M, Ceppe AS, Donaldson SH, Lee YZ, Branca RT, Goralski JL. Comparison of single breath hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI with dynamic 19 F MRI in cystic fibrosis lung disease. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:1028-1038. [PMID: 32770779 PMCID: PMC7689687 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To quantitatively compare dynamic 19F and single breath hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI for the detection of ventilation abnormalities in subjects with mild cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Methods Ten participants with stable CF and a baseline FEV1 > 70% completed a single imaging session where dynamic 19F and single breath 129Xe lung ventilation images were acquired on a 3T MRI scanner. Ventilation defect percentages (VDP) values between 19F early‐breath, 19F maximum‐ventilation, 129Xe low‐resolution, and 129Xe high‐resolution images were compared. Dynamic 19F images were used to determine gas wash‐in/out rates in regions of ventilation congruency and mismatch between 129Xe and 19F. Results VDP values from high‐resolution 129Xe images were greater than from low‐resolution images (P = .001), although these values were significantly correlated (r = 0.68, P = .03). Early‐breath 19F VDP and max‐vent 19F VDP also showed significant correlation (r = 0.75, P = .012), with early‐breath 19F VDP values being significantly greater (P < .001). No correlation in VDP values were detected between either 19F method or high‐res 129Xe images. In addition, the location and volume of ventilation defects were often different when comparing 129Xe and 19F images from the same subject. Areas of ventilation congruence displayed the expected ventilation kinetics, while areas of ventilation mismatch displayed abnormally slow gas wash‐in and wash‐out. Conclusion In CF subjects, ventilation abnormalities are identified by both 19F and HP 129Xe imaging. However, these ventilation abnormalities are not entirely congruent. 19F and HP 129Xe imaging provide complementary information that enable differentiation of normally ventilated, slowly ventilated, and non‐ventilated regions in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McCallister
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sang Hun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margret Z Powell
- Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Agathe S Ceppe
- Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott H Donaldson
- Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yueh Z Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosa Tamara Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Goralski
- Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Zha W, Kruger SJ, Johnson KM, Cadman RV, Bell LC, Liu F, Hahn AD, Evans MD, Nagle SK, Fain SB. Pulmonary ventilation imaging in asthma and cystic fibrosis using oxygen-enhanced 3D radial ultrashort echo time MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:1287-1297. [PMID: 29086454 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study demonstrated the feasibility of using 3D radial ultrashort echo time (UTE) oxygen-enhanced MRI (UTE OE-MRI) for functional imaging of healthy human lungs. The repeatability of quantitative measures from UTE OE-MRI needs to be established prior to its application in clinical research. PURPOSE To evaluate repeatability of obstructive patterns in asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) with UTE OE-MRI with isotropic spatial resolution and full chest coverage. STUDY TYPE Volunteer and patient repeatability. POPULATION Eighteen human subjects (five asthma, six CF, and seven normal subjects). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Respiratory-gated free-breathing 3D radial UTE (80 μs) sequence at 1.5T. ASSESSMENT Two 3D radial UTE volumes were acquired sequentially under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. A subset of subjects underwent repeat acquisitions on either the same day or ≤15 days apart. Asthma and CF subjects also underwent spirometry. A workflow including deformable registration and retrospective lung density correction was used to compute 3D isotropic percent signal enhancement (PSE) maps. Median PSE (MPSE) and ventilation defect percent (VDP) of the lung were measured from the PSE map. STATISTICAL TESTS The relations between MPSE, VDP, and spirometric measures were assessed using Spearman correlations. The test-retest repeatability was evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS Ventilation measures in normal subjects (MPSE = 8.0%, VDP = 3.3%) were significantly different from those in asthma (MPSE = 6.0%, P = 0.042; VDP = 21.7%, P = 0.018) and CF group (MPSE = 4.5%, P = 0.0006; VDP = 27.2%, P = 0.002). MPSE correlated significantly with forced expiratory lung volume in 1 second percent predicted (ρ = 0.72, P = 0.017). The ICC of the test-retest VDP and MPSE were both ≥0.90. In all subject groups, an anterior/posterior gradient was observed with higher MPSE and lower VDP in the posterior compared to anterior regions (P ≤ 0.0021 for all comparisons). DATA CONCLUSION 3D radial UTE OE-MRI supports quantitative differentiation of diseased vs. healthy lungs using either whole lung VDP or MPSE with excellent test-retest repeatability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1287-1297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zha
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stanley J Kruger
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert V Cadman
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura C Bell
- Division of Imaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew D Hahn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael D Evans
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott K Nagle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sean B Fain
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Svenningsen S, Guo F, Kirby M, Choy S, Wheatley A, McCormack DG, Parraga G. Pulmonary functional magnetic resonance imaging: asthma temporal-spatial maps. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:1402-10. [PMID: 25300720 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Hyperpolarized (3)He magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) previously revealed the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of ventilation defects in asthmatics, but these findings have not been used in treatment studies or to guide personalized therapy. Our objective was to exploit the temporal and spatial information inherent to (3)He MRI and develop image processing methods to generate pulmonary ventilation temporal-spatial maps that could be used to measure, optimize, and guide asthma therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, seven asthmatics provided written informed consent to an approved protocol and underwent spirometry and (3)He MRI on three occasions, each 5 ± 2 days apart. A registration and segmentation pipeline was developed to generate three-dimensional, temporal-spatial, pulmonary function maps. Briefly, (3)He ventilation images were segmented to generate ventilation masks that were coregistered and voxels classified according to their temporal behavior. This enabled the regional mapping of temporally persistent and intermittent ventilation defects that were normalized to the (1)H MRI thoracic cavity volume to generate persistent ventilation defect percent (VDPP) and intermittent ventilation defect percent (VDPI). RESULTS (3)He temporal-spatial pulmonary function maps identified temporally persistent and intermittent ventilation defects. VDP(I) was significantly greater in the posterior (P = .04) and inferior (P = .04) lung as compared to the anterior and superior lung. Persistent and intermittent ventilation defect percent were strongly correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (VDP(P): r = -0.87, P = .01; VDP(I): r = -0.96, P = .0008). CONCLUSIONS Temporal-spatial pulmonary maps generated from (3)He MRI can be used to quantify temporally persistent and intermittent ventilation defects as asthma intermediate end points and targets for therapy.
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Svenningsen S, Kirby M, Starr D, Leary D, Wheatley A, Maksym GN, McCormack DG, Parraga G. Hyperpolarized (3) He and (129) Xe MRI: differences in asthma before bronchodilation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:1521-30. [PMID: 23589465 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare hyperpolarized helium-3 ((3) He) and xenon-129 ((129) Xe) MRI in asthmatics before and after salbutamol inhalation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven asthmatics provided written informed consent and underwent spirometry, plethysmography, and MRI before and after salbutamol inhalation. (3) He and (129) Xe ventilation defect percent (VDP) and ventilation coefficient of variation (COV) were measured. To characterize the airways spatially related to ventilation defects, wall area percent (WA%) and lumen area (LA) were evaluated for two subjects who had thoracic x-ray computed tomography (CT) acquired 1 year before MRI. RESULTS Before salbutamol inhalation, (129) Xe VDP (8 ± 5%) was significantly greater than (3) He VDP (6 ± 5%, P = 0.003). Post-salbutamol, there was a significant improvement in both (129) Xe (5 ± 4%, P < 0.0001) and (3) He (4 ± 3%, P = 0.001) VDP, and the improvement in (129) Xe VDP was significantly greater (P = 0.008). (129) Xe MRI COV (Pre: 0.309 ± 0.028, Post: 0.296 ± 0.036) was significantly greater than (3) He MRI COV (Pre: 0.282 ± 0.018, Post: 0.269 ± 0.024), pre- (P < 0.0001) and post-salbutamol (P < 0.0001) and the decrease in COV post-salbutamol was significant ((129) Xe, P = 0.002; (3) He, P < 0.0001). For a single asthmatic, a sub-segmental (129) Xe MRI ventilation defect that was visible only before salbutamol inhalation but not visible using (3) He MRI was spatially related to a remodeled fourth generation sub-segmental airway (WA% = 78%, LA = 2.9 mm(2) ). CONCLUSION In asthma, hyperpolarized (129) Xe MRI may help reveal ventilation abnormalities before bronchodilation that are not observed using hyperpolarized (3) He MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Svenningsen
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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