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Wenner MM, Ries-Roncalli A, Whalen MCR, Jing P. The Relationship between Indoor and Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter in a High-Rise Building in Chicago Monitored by PurpleAir Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2493. [PMID: 38676110 PMCID: PMC11054829 DOI: 10.3390/s24082493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In urban areas like Chicago, daily life extends above ground level due to the prevalence of high-rise buildings where residents and commuters live and work. This study examines the variation in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations across building stories. PM2.5 levels were measured using PurpleAir sensors, installed between 8 April and 7 May 2023, on floors one, four, six, and nine of an office building in Chicago. Additionally, data were collected from a public outdoor PurpleAir sensor on the fourteenth floor of a condominium located 800 m away. The results show that outdoor PM2.5 concentrations peak at 14 m height, and then decline by 0.11 μg/m3 per meter elevation, especially noticeable from midnight to 8 a.m. under stable atmospheric conditions. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations increase steadily by 0.02 μg/m3 per meter elevation, particularly during peak work hours, likely caused by greater infiltration rates at higher floors. Both outdoor and indoor concentrations peak around noon. We find that indoor and outdoor PM2.5 are positively correlated, with indoor levels consistently remaining lower than outside levels. These findings align with previous research suggesting decreasing outdoor air pollution concentrations with increasing height. The study informs decision-making by community members and policymakers regarding air pollution exposure in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Wenner
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA; (M.M.W.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Anna Ries-Roncalli
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA; (M.M.W.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Mena C. R. Whalen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA;
| | - Ping Jing
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA; (M.M.W.); (A.R.-R.)
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Zhang R, Zeng B, Chen T, Hu B. Genotype-Environment Interaction and Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1299. [PMID: 37372479 PMCID: PMC10298161 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood) is a valuable wood with excellent-quality heartwood extensively utilized worldwide. The main aim of this study was to confirm the horizontal and vertical variation and provide estimated values of genetic gains and clonal repeatabilities for improving breeding program of A. melanoxylon. Six blackwood clones at 10 years old were analyzed in Heyuan and Baise cities in China. Stem trunk analysis was conducted for sample trees to explore the differences between heartwood and sapwood. The heartwood radius (HR), heartwood area (HA), and heartwood volume (HV) in heartwood properties decreased as tree height (H) in growth traits increased, and the HV = 1.2502 DBH (diameter at breast height)1.7009 model can accurately estimate the heartwood volume. Furthermore, G × E analysis showed that the heritabilities of the eleven indices, including DBH, DGH (diameter at ground height), H, HR, SW (sapwood width), BT (bark thickness), HA, SA (sapwood area), HV, HRP (heartwood radius percentage), HAP (heartwood area percentage), and HVP (heartwood volume percentage) were between 0.94 and 0.99, and repeatabilities of the eleven indices were between 0.74 and 0.91. Clonal repeatability of DBH (0.91), DGH (0.88), and H (0.90) in growth traits, HR (0.90), HVP (0.90), and HV (0.88) in heartwood properties were slightly higher than for SA (0.74), SW (0.75), HAP (0.75), HRP (0.75), and HVP (0.75). These data also implied that the growth characteristics of heartwood and sapwood of blackwood clones were less affected by the environment and had substantial heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing Hu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
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Tang M, Zhao XN, Gao XD, Zhang C, Wu PT. [Characteristics of soil moisture variation in different land use types in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau, China]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2018; 29:765-774. [PMID: 29722217 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201803.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Soil water availability is a key factor restricting the ecological construction and sustainable land use in the loess hilly region. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to understand the soil moisture status of different land use types for the vegetation restoration and the effective utilization of land resources in this area. In this study, EC-5 soil moisture sensors were used to continuously monitor the soil moisture content in the 0-160 cm soil profile in the slope cropland, terraced fields, jujube orchard, and grassland during the growing season (from May to October) in the Yuanzegou catchment on the Loess Plateau, to investigate soil moisture dynamics in these four typical land use types. The results showed that there were differences in seasonal variation, water storage characteristics, and vertical distribution of soil moisture under different land use types in both the normal precipitation (2014) and dry (2015) years. The terraced fields showed good water retention capacity in the dry year, with the average soil moisture content of 0-60 cm soil layer in the growing season being 2.6%, 4.2%, and 1.8% higher than that of the slope cropland, jujube orchard, and grassland (all P<0.05). The water storage of 0-160 cm soil profile was 43.90, 32.08, and 18.69 mm higher than that of slope cropland, jujube orchard, and grassland, respectively. In the normal precipitation year, the average soil moisture content of 0-60 cm soil layer in jujube orchard in the growing season was 2.9%, 3.8%, and 4.5% lower than that of slope cropland, terraced fields, and grassland, respectively (all P<0.05). In the dry year, the effective soil water storage of 0-160 cm soil profile in the jujube orchard accounted for 35.0% of the total soil water storage. The grey relational grade between the soil moisture in the surface layer (0-20 cm) and soil moisture in the middle layer (20-100 cm) under different land use types was large, and the trend for the similarity degree of soil moisture variation followed terraced fields > grassland > slope cropland > jujube orchard. The slope cropland in this area could be transformed into terraced fields to improve the utilization of precipitation and promote the construction of ecological agriculture. Aiming at resolving the severe water shortage in the rain-fed jujube orchard for the sustainable development of jujube orchard in the loess hilly region, appropriate water management measures should be taken to reduce the water consumption of jujube trees and other inefficient water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Ning Zhao
- Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Dong Gao
- Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pu Te Wu
- Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Song XL, Zhao XN, Gao XD, Wu PT, Ma W, Yao J, Jiang XL, Zhang W. [Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture of mountain apple orchards with rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) system in the Loess Plateau, China]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2018; 28:3544-3552. [PMID: 29692097 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201711.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Water scarcity is a critical factor influencing rain-fed agricultural production on the Loess Plateau, and the exploitation of rainwater is an effective avenue to alleviate water scarcity in this area. This study was conducted to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture in the 0-300 cm under a 21-year-old apple orchard with the rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) system by using a time domain reflectometer (TDR) probe on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that there was a low soil moisture zone in the 40-80 cm under the CK, and the RWCI system significantly increased soil moisture in this depth interval. Over this depth, the annual average soil moisture under RWCI40, RWCI60 and RWCI80 was 39.2%, 47.2% and 29.1% higher than that of bare slope (BS) and 75.3%, 85.4% and 62.7% higher than that of CK, respectively. The maximum infiltration depth of water under RWCI40, RWCI60 and RWCI80 was 80 cm, 120 cm and 180 cm, respectively, and the soil moisture in the 0-60, 0-100 and 0-120 cm was more affected by RWCI40, RWCI60 and RWCI80, respectively. Over the whole growth period of apple tree, the maximum value of soil moisture content in the 0-300 cm existed in the RWCI80 treatment, followed by the RWCI40 and RWCI60 treatments. Overall, the RWCI system is an effective meaning of transforming rainwater to available water resources and realizing efficient use of agricultural water on the Loess Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin Song
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,3 Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China IWSA, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Ning Zhao
- 2 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,3 Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China IWSA, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,4 College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Dong Gao
- 2 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,3 Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China IWSA, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pu Te Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,2 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,3 Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China IWSA, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Ma
- 3 Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China IWSA, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,4 College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Baota District Fruit Bureau, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Li Jiang
- Baota District Fruit Bureau, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- 3 Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China IWSA, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,4 College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Liu R, Wang L, Liu Q, Wang Z, Li Z, Fang J, Zhang L, Luo M. Depth-Resolved Distribution of Particle-Attached and Free-Living Bacterial Communities in the Water Column of the New Britain Trench. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:625. [PMID: 29670597 PMCID: PMC5893722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) microorganisms play significant but different roles in mineralization of organic matter (OM) in the ocean. Currently, little is known about PA and FL microbial communities in bathyal and abyssal pelagic waters, and understanding of their diversity and distribution in the water column and their interactions with environmental factors in the trench area is limited. We investigated for the first time the variations of abundance and diversities of the PA and FL bacterial communities in the epi-, bathy-, and abyssopelagic zones of the New Britain Trench (NBT). The PA communities showed decreasing species richness but increasing relative abundance with depth, suggesting the increasing ecological significance of the PA bacteria in the deep ocean. The abundance and diversity of PA and FL bacterial communities in the NBT water column appeared to be shaped by different sets of environment factors, which might be related to different micro-niches of the two communities. Analysis on species distribution suggested that the differences between PA and FL bacteria communities mainly resulted from the different relative abundance of the “shared taxa” in the two types of communities. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the relative ecological roles of the PA and FL bacterial communities and their interactions with environmental factors in different pelagic zones along the vertical profile of the NBT water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulong Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, Department of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiasong Fang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, Department of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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