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Ouamba AJK, Gagnon M, Varin T, Chouinard PY, LaPointe G, Roy D. Phylogenetic variation in raw cow milk microbiota and the impact of forage combinations and use of silage inoculants. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1175663. [PMID: 38029116 PMCID: PMC10661925 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1175663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The microbiota of bulk tank raw milk is known to be closely related to that of microbial niches of the on-farm environment. Preserved forage types are partof this ecosystem and previous studies have shown variations in their microbial ecology. However, little is known of the microbiota of forage ration combinations and the transfer rates of associated species to milk. Methods We identified raw milk bacteria that may originate from forage rations encompassing either hay (H) or grass/legume silage uninoculated (GL) as the only forage type, or a combination of GL and corn silage uninoculated (GLC), or grass/legume and corn silage both inoculated (GLICI). Forage and milk samples collected in the fall and spring from 24 dairy farms were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing following a treatment with propidium monoazide to account for viable cells. Results and discussion Three community types separating H, GL, and GLICI forage were identified. While the H community was co-dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Beijerinckiaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae, the GL and GLICI communities showed high proportions of Leuconostocaceae and Acetobacteraceae, respectively. Most of the GLC and GLICI rations were similar, suggesting that in the mixed forage rations involving grass/legume and corn silage, the addition of inoculant in one or both types of feed does not considerably change the microbiota. Raw milk samples were not grouped in the same way, as the GLC milk was phylogenetically different from that of GLICI across sampling periods. Raw milk communities, including the GLICI group for which cows were fed inoculated forage, were differentiated by Enterobacteriaceae and other Proteobacteria, instead of by lactic acid bacteria. Of the 113 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) shared between forage rations and corresponding raw milk, bacterial transfer rates were estimated at 18 to 31%. Silage-based forage rations, particularly those including corn, share more ASVs with raw milk produced on corresponding farms compared to that observed in the milk from cows fed hay. These results show the relevance of cow forage rations as sources of bacteria that contaminate milk and serve to advance our knowledge of on-farm raw milk contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J. K. Ouamba
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Laboratoire de Génomique Microbienne, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Regroupement de Recherche pour Un Lait de Qualité Optimale (OpLait), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mérilie Gagnon
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Laboratoire de Génomique Microbienne, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Regroupement de Recherche pour Un Lait de Qualité Optimale (OpLait), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Thibault Varin
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Laboratoire de Génomique Microbienne, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - P. Yvan Chouinard
- Regroupement de Recherche pour Un Lait de Qualité Optimale (OpLait), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Regroupement de Recherche pour Un Lait de Qualité Optimale (OpLait), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Laboratoire de Génomique Microbienne, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Regroupement de Recherche pour Un Lait de Qualité Optimale (OpLait), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Mohamed HM, Barzideh Z, Siddiqi M, LaPointe G. Taxonomy, Sequence Variance and Functional Profiling of the Microbial Community of Long-Ripened Cheddar Cheese Using Shotgun Metagenomics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2052. [PMID: 37630612 PMCID: PMC10458550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the diversity of the microbial community of Cheddar cheese ripened over 32 months. The changes in taxa abundance were compared from assembly-based, non-assembly-based, and mOTUs2 sequencing pipelines to delineate the community profile for each age group. Metagenomic assembled genomes (MAGs) passing the quality threshold were obtained for 11 species from 58 samples. Although Lactococcus cremoris and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei were dominant across the shotgun samples, other species were identified using MG-RAST. NMDS analysis of the beta diversity of the microbial community revealed the similarity of the cheeses in older age groups (7 months to 32 months). As expected, the abundance of Lactococcus cremoris consistently decreased over ripening, while the proportion of permeable cells increased. Over the ripening period, the relative abundance of viable Lacticaseibacillus paracasei progressively increased, but at a variable rate among trials. Reads attributed to Siphoviridae and Ascomycota remained below 1% relative abundance. The functional profiles of PMA-treated cheeses differed from those of non-PMA-treated cheeses. Starter rotation was reflected in the single nucleotide variant profiles of Lactococcus cremoris (SNVs of this species using mOTUs2), while the incoming milk was the leading factor in discriminating Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/casei SNV profiles. The relative abundance estimates from Kraken2, non-assembly-based (MG-RAST) and marker gene clusters (mOTUs2) were consistent across age groups for the two dominant taxa. Metagenomics enabled sequence variant analysis below the bacterial species level and functional profiling that may affect the metabolic interactions between subpopulations in cheese during ripening, which could help explain the overall flavour development of cheese. Future work will integrate microbial variants with volatile profiles to associate the development of compounds related to cheese flavour at each ripening stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoud Mohamed
- Dairy at Guelph, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Faculty of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Banha 13518, Egypt
| | - Zoha Barzideh
- Dairy at Guelph, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myra Siddiqi
- Dairy at Guelph, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Dairy at Guelph, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Barzideh Z, Siddiqi M, Mohamed HM, LaPointe G. Dynamics of Starter and Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations in Long-Ripened Cheddar Cheese Using Propidium Monoazide (PMA) Treatment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081669. [PMID: 36014087 PMCID: PMC9413250 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial community of industrially produced Canadian Cheddar cheese was examined from curd to ripened cheese at 30-32 months using a combination of viable plate counts of SLAB (GM17) and NSLAB (MRSv), qPCR and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Cell treatment with propidium monoazide excluded DNA of permeable cells from amplification. The proportion of permeable cells of both Lactococcus spp. and Lacticaseibacillus spp. was highest at 3-6 months. While most remaining Lacticaseibacillus spp. cells were intact during later ripening stages, a consistent population of permeable Lactococcus spp. cells was maintained over the 32-month period. While Lactococcus sequence variants were significant biomarkers for viable cheese curd communities at 0-1 m, Lacticaseibacillus was identified as a distinctive biomarker for cheeses from 7 to 20 months. From 24 to 32 months, Lacticaseibacillus was replaced in significance by four genera (Pediococcus and Latilactobacillus at 24 m and at 30-32 m, Secundilactobacillus and Paucilactobacillus). These results underscore the importance of monitoring potential defects in cheeses aged over 24 months, which could be diagnosed early through microbial DNA profiling to minimize potential waste of product. Future perspectives include correlating volatile flavor compounds with microbial community composition as well as the investigation of intra-species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoha Barzideh
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myra Siddiqi
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hassan Mahmoud Mohamed
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Faculty of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Banha 13518, Egypt
| | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Kruse AB, Schlueter N, Kortmann VK, Frese C, Anderson A, Wittmer A, Hellwig E, Vach K, Al-Ahmad A. Long-Term Use of Oral Hygiene Products Containing Stannous and Fluoride Ions: Effect on Viable Salivary Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:481. [PMID: 33921981 PMCID: PMC8143473 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this randomized, controlled clinical trial was to isolate and identify viable microorganisms in the saliva of study participants that continuously used a stannous and fluoride ion (F/Sn)-containing toothpaste and mouth rinse over a period of three years in comparison to a control group that used stannous ion free preparations (noF/Sn) over the same time period. Each group (F/Sn and noF/Sn) included 16 participants that used the respective oral hygiene products over a 36-month period. Stimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline (T0) and after 36 months (T1) from all participants for microbiological examination. The microbial composition of the samples was analyzed using culture technique, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and 16S rDNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). There were only minor differences between both groups when comparing the absolute values of viable microbiota and bacterial composition. The treatment with F/Sn led to a slight decrease in disease-associated and a slight increase in health-associated bacteria. It was shown that the use of stannous ions had no negative effects on physiological oral microbiota even after prolonged use. In fact, a stabilizing effect of the oral hygiene products containing stannous ions on the health-associated oral microbiota could be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brigitte Kruse
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (V.K.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Nadine Schlueter
- Division for Cariology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Viktoria Konstanze Kortmann
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (V.K.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Cornelia Frese
- Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Annette Anderson
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (V.K.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (V.K.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (V.K.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.); (A.A.-A.)
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Zhang SJ, Wang LL, Lu SY, Hu P, Li YS, Zhang Y, Chang HZ, Zhai FF, Liu ZS, Li ZH, Ren HL. A Novel, Rapid, and Simple PMA-qPCR Method for Detection and Counting of Viable Brucella Organisms. J Vet Res 2020; 64:253-61. [PMID: 32587912 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The plate counting method widely used at present to discern viable from non-viable Brucella in the host or cell is time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid, simple method for detecting and counting viable Brucella organisms. Material and Methods Using propidium monoazide (PMA) to inhibit amplification of DNA from dead Brucella, a novel, rapid PMA-quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR) detection method for counting viable Brucella was established. The standard recombinant plasmid with the target BCSP31 gene fragment inserted was constructed for drawing a standard curve. The reaction conditions were optimised, and the sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability were analysed. Results The optimal exposure time and working concentration of PMA were 10 min and 15 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the standard curve was 0.999. The sensitivity of the method was 103 CFU/mL, moreover, its specificity and repeatability also met the requirements. The concentration of B. suis measured by the PMA-qPCR did not differ significantly from that measured by the plate counting method, and the concentrations of viable bacteria in infected cells determined by the two methods were of the same order of magnitude. Conclusion In this study, a rapid and simple PMA-qPCR counting method for viable Brucella was established, which will facilitate related research.
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Chang CW, Lin MH. Optimization of PMA-qPCR for Staphylococcus aureus and determination of viable bacteria in indoor air. Indoor Air 2018; 28:64-72. [PMID: 28683164 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus may cause infections in humans from mild skin disorders to lethal pneumonia. Rapid and accurate monitoring of viable S. aureus is essential to characterize human exposure. This study evaluated quantitative PCR (qPCR) with propidium monoazide (PMA) to quantify S. aureus. The results showed comparable S. aureus counts between exclusively live cells and mixtures of live/dead cells by qPCR with 1.5 or 2.3 μg/mL PMA (P>.05), illustrating the ability of PMA-qPCR to detect DNA exclusively from viable cells. Moreover, qPCR with 1.5 or 2.3 μg/mL PMA performed optimally with linearity over 103 -108 CFU/mL (R2 ≥0.9), whereas qPCR with 10, 23 or 46 μg/mL PMA significantly underestimated viable counts. Staphylococcus aureus and total viable bacteria were further determined with PMA-qPCR (1.5 μg/mL) from 48 samples from a public library and two university dormitories and four from outside. Viable bacteria averaged 1.9×104 cells/m3 , and S. aureus were detected in 22 (42%) samples with a mean of 4.4×103 cells/m3 . The number of S. aureus and viable bacteria were positively correlated (r=.61, P<.005), and percentages of S. aureus relative to viable bacteria averaged 12-44%. The results of field samples suggest that PMA-qPCR can be used to quantify viable S. aureus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-W Chang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environmental and Human Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-H Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Culture-dependent methods, such as heterotrophic plate counting (HPC), are usually applied to evaluate the bacteriological quality of hemodialysis water. However, these methods cannot detect the uncultured or viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria, both of which may be quantitatively predominant throughout the hemodialysis water treatment system. Therefore, propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR associated with HPC was used together to profile the distribution of the total viable bacteria in such a system. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was utilized to analyze the microbial community structure and diversity. The HPC results indicated that the total bacterial counts conformed to the standards, yet the bacteria amounts were abruptly enhanced after carbon filter treatment. Nevertheless, the bacterial counts detected by PMA-qPCR, with the highest levels of 2.14 × 107 copies/100 ml in softener water, were much higher than the corresponding HPC results, which demonstrated the occurrence of numerous uncultured or VBNC bacteria among the entire system before reverse osmosis (RO). In addition, the microbial community structure was very different and the diversity was enhanced after the carbon filter. Although the diversity was minimized after RO treatment, pathogens such as Escherichia could still be detected in the RO effluent. In general, both the amounts of bacteria and the complexity of microbial community in the hemodialysis water treatment system revealed by molecular approaches were much higher than by traditional method. These results suggested the higher health risk potential for hemodialysis patients from the up-to-standard water. The treatment process could also be optimized, based on the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, No. 2 Hospital in Xiamen, Xiamen 361021, P.R. China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, No. 2 Hospital in Xiamen, Xiamen 361021, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Lv
- Department of Nephrology, No. 2 Hospital in Xiamen, Xiamen 361021, P.R. China
| | - Shenghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P.R. China
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