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Meurens F, Zhu J, Renois F. [ Viral co-infections targeting the porcine respiratory system: Consequences and limits of the experimental systems]. Virologie (Montrouge) 2024; 28:9-21. [PMID: 38450664 DOI: 10.1684/vir.2024.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Coinfections affecting the porcine respiratory system have often been overlooked, in favor of mono-infections, even though they are significantly more common in the field. In pigs, the term 'porcine respiratory complex' is used to describe coinfections involving both viruses, such as, for example, the swine influenza type A virus (swIAV), the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), as well as bacteria. Until recently, most studies were primarily focused on clinical aspects and paid little attention to the molecular consequences of coinfections. This narrative review addresses the consequences of coinfections in the porcine respiratory system involving viruses. When possible, interactions that can occur between viruses are briefly presented. Conversely, research involving bacteria, protozoa, and fungi has not been considered at all. Finally, the main limitations complicating the interpretation of results from coinfection/superinfection studies are considered, and prospects in this exciting field of health research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie porcine et avicole, Faculté de Médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P R China
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Essaidi-Laziosi M, Alvarez C, Puhach O, Sattonnet-Roche P, Torriani G, Tapparel C, Kaiser L, Eckerle I. Sequential infections with rhinovirus and influenza modulate the replicative capacity of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:412-423. [PMID: 34931581 PMCID: PMC8803056 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2021806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although frequently reported since the beginning of the pandemic, questions remain regarding the impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) interaction with circulating respiratory viruses in coinfected patients. We here investigated dual infections involving early-pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and the Alpha variant and three of the most prevalent respiratory viruses, rhinovirus (RV) and Influenza A and B viruses (IAV and IBV), in reconstituted respiratory airway epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface. We found that SARS-CoV-2 replication was impaired by primary, but not secondary, rhino- and influenza virus infection. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 had no effect on the replication of these seasonal respiratory viruses. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 correlated better with immune response triggered by RV, IAV and IBV than the virus entry. Using neutralizing antibody against type I and III interferons, SARS-CoV-2 blockade in dual infections could be partly prevented. Altogether, these data suggested that SARS-CoV-2 interaction with seasonal respiratory viruses would be modulated by interferon induction and could impact SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology when circulation of other respiratory viruses is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Essaidi-Laziosi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catia Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olha Puhach
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Sattonnet-Roche
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Torriani
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Alfano F, Fusco G, Mari V, Occhiogrosso L, Miletti G, Brunetti R, Galiero G, Desario C, Cirilli M, Decaro N. Circulation of pantropic canine coronavirus in autochthonous and imported dogs, Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1991-1999. [PMID: 32163663 PMCID: PMC7228320 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) strains with the ability to spread to internal organs, also known as pantropic CCoVs (pCCoVs), have been detected in domestic dogs and wild carnivores. Our study focused on the detection and molecular characterization of pCCoV strains circulating in Italy during the period 2014-2017 in autochthonous dogs, in dogs imported from eastern Europe or illegally imported from an unknown country. Samples from the gut and internal organs of 352 dogs were screened for CCoV; putative pCCoV strains, belonging to subtype CCoV-IIa, were identified in the internal organs of 35 of the examined dogs. Fifteen pCCoV strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analyses, showing that three strains (98960-1/2016, 98960-3/2016, 98960-4/2016) did not cluster either with Italian or European CCoVs, being more closely related to alphacoronaviruses circulating in Asia with which they displayed a 94%-96% nucleotide identity in partial spike protein gene sequences. The pCCoV-positive samples were also tested for other canine viruses, showing co-infections mainly with canine parvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Viviana Mari
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Leonardo Occhiogrosso
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Gianluca Miletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Roberta Brunetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Margie Cirilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
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Sharov KS. Adaptation of a Russian population to SARS-CoV-2: Asymptomatic course, comorbidities, mortality, and other respiratory viruses - A reply to Fear versus Data. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106093. [PMID: 32653618 PMCID: PMC7347496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Russia and the adaptation of the population to the virus in March to June 2020. Two groups were investigated: 1) 12 082 individuals already proven positive for SARS-CoV-2 (clinical information was studied); 2) 7864+4458 individuals with suspected respiratory infections (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] tests and clinical information were studied). In the latter, SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals comprised 5.37% in March and 11.42% in June 2020. Several viral co-infections were observed for SARS-CoV-2. Rhinoviruses accounted for the largest proportion of co-infections (7.91% of samples were SARS-CoV-2-positive); followed by respiratory syncytial virus (7.03%); adenoviruses (4.84%); metapneumoviruses (3.29%); parainfluenza viruses (2.42%); enterovirus D68 (1.10%) and other viruses (entero-, echo-, parecho-) (<1%). Average SARS-CoV-2 case fatality rate in the group of 12 537 individuals was determined to be 0.6% (in contrast to official Russian government statistics of 1.5% mortality). This rate is within the range of mortality caused by other common seasonal respiratory viruses (0.01-2.21% in Russia in 2012 to 2020). Most fatalities occurred in individuals with comorbidities, as for other respiratory viruses. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic carriers was 56.68% in March and 70.67% in June 2020. This new pathogen presents a substantial risk to human beings as it was not contained at the start of its outbreak in Wuhan and spread worldwide. However, surveillance, prevention and treatment must be strictly evidence-based and not dictated by fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Sharov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Varo R, Chris Buck W, Kazembe PN, Phiri S, Andrianarimanana D, Weigel R. Seroprevalence of CMV, HSV-2 and HBV among HIV-Infected Malawian Children: A Cross-sectional Survey. J Trop Pediatr 2016; 62:220-6. [PMID: 26884443 PMCID: PMC4912665 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about viral co-infections in African human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. We examined the prevalence of seromarkers for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections among HIV-infected, antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve children in Lilongwe, Malawi. METHODS Ninety-one serum samples were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies to CMV, and IgG antibodies to HSV-2 and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory data were abstracted from electronic records. RESULTS CMV IgG was the most common positive result in all age groups (in 73% of children <1 year, and 100% in all other groups). Three patients were CMV IgM positive (3.3%), suggesting acute infection. HSV-2 IgG was positive in four patients (4.4%), and HBsAg in two (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS CMV infection occurred early in life, and few children had specific signs of CMV infection at the time of ART initiation. Unrecognized HBV infection represents opportunities for testing and treatment of HIV/HBV co-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosauro Varo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique Barcelona Institute for Global Health (IS Global), Barcelona, Spain
| | - W. Chris Buck
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Maputo, Mozambique,Baylor College of Medicine Abbott Fund Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Peter N. Kazembe
- Baylor College of Medicine Abbott Fund Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Ralf Weigel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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PROENCA-MODENA JL, MARTINEZ M, AMARILLA AA, ESPÍNOLA EE, GALEANO ME, FARIÑA N, RUSSOMANDO G, AQUINO VH, PARRA GI, ARRUDA E. Viral load of human bocavirus-1 in stools from children with viral diarrhoea in Paraguay. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2576-80. [PMID: 23425775 PMCID: PMC9151358 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881300023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, four species of human bocavirus (HBoV) have been described in patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. However, a clear causal association between HBoV-1 and gastroenteritis has not been demonstrated. In this study, we describe the detection and quantification of HBoV-1 in stools from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HBoV-1 genome was detected in 10.6% of stools with frequent association with rotavirus and norovirus. The median of HBoV-1 viral load was 1.88 × 104 genome/ml, lower than previously shown in secretions of patients with respiratory infections, without any obvious association between high viral load and presence of HBoV as single agent. Thus, although HBoV-1 was frequently detected in these patients, there is no clear causal association of this agent with diarrhoea. Indeed, HBoV-1 DNA in stools of patients with gastroenteritis without respiratory symptoms may be a remnant of previous infections or associated with prolonged shedding of virus in the respiratory or digestive tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. PROENCA-MODENA
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - M. MARTINEZ
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - A. A. AMARILLA
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - E. E. ESPÍNOLA
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - M. E. GALEANO
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - N. FARIÑA
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - G. RUSSOMANDO
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - V. H. AQUINO
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - G. I. PARRA
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - E. ARRUDA
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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