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Economopoulos KP, Ward NL, Phillips CD, Teshager A, Patel P, Mohamed MM, Hakimian S, Cox SB, Ahmed R, Moaven O, Kaliannan K, Alam SN, Haller JF, Goldstein AM, Bhan AK, Malo MS, Hodin RA. Prevention of antibiotic-associated metabolic syndrome in mice by intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:519-27. [PMID: 26876427 PMCID: PMC5110215 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether co-administration of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) with antibiotics early in life may have a preventive role against metabolic syndrome (MetS) in mice. METHODS A total of 50 mice were allocated to four treatment groups after weaning. Mice were treated with azithromycin (AZT) ± IAP, or with no AZT ± IAP, for three intermittent 7-day cycles. After the last treatment course, the mice were administered a regular chow diet for 5 weeks and subsequently a high-fat diet for 5 weeks. Body weight, food intake, water intake, serum lipids, glucose levels and liver lipids were compared. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing was used to determine the differences in microbiome composition. RESULTS Exposure to AZT early in life rendered mice susceptible to MetS in adulthood. Co-administration of IAP with AZT completely prevented this susceptibility by decreasing total body weight, serum lipids, glucose levels and liver lipids to the levels of control mice. These effects of IAP probably occur as a result of changes in the composition of specific bacterial taxa at the genus and species levels (e.g. members of Anaeroplasma and Parabacteroides). CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of IAP with AZT early in life prevents mice from susceptibility to the later development of MetS. This effect is associated with alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota. IAP may represent a novel treatment against MetS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Economopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - N. L. Ward
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Botany, University of Wyoming, WY 82071, USA
| | - C. D. Phillips
- Research and Testing Laboratory, Lubbock, TX 79407
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - A. Teshager
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - P. Patel
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M. M. Mohamed
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S. Hakimian
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S. B. Cox
- Research and Testing Laboratory, Lubbock, TX 79407
| | - R. Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - O. Moaven
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - K. Kaliannan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S. N. Alam
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - J. F. Haller
- Lipid Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A. M. Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A. K. Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M. S. Malo
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - R. A. Hodin
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Corresponding author: Richard A. Hodin, MD, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114; Telephone: (617) 724-2570; Fax: (617) 724-2574;
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Stakenborg T, Vicca J, Verhelst R, Butaye P, Maes D, Naessens A, Claeys G, De Ganck C, Haesebrouck F, Vaneechoutte M. Evaluation of tRNA gene PCR for identification of mollicutes. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4558-66. [PMID: 16145107 PMCID: PMC1234151 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4558-4566.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the applicability of tRNA gene PCR in combination with fluorescent capillary electrophoresis with an ABI310 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Calif.) for the identification of different mollicute species. A total of 103 strains and DNA extracts of 30 different species belonging to the genera Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma were studied. Reproducible peak profiles were generated for all samples, except for one M. genitalium isolate, the three M. gallisepticum isolates, and 8 of the 24 Ureaplasma cultures, where no amplification could be obtained. Clustering revealed numerous discrepancies compared to the identifications that had been previously obtained by means of biochemical and serological tests. Final identification was obtained by 16S rRNA gene amplification followed by sequence analysis and/or restriction digestion. This confirmed the identification obtained by tRNA gene PCR in all cases. Seven samples yielded an unexpected tRNA gene PCR profile. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes showed that six of these samples were mixed and that one had a unique sequence that did not match any of the published sequences, pointing to the existence of a not-yet-described species. In conclusion, we found tRNA gene PCR to be a rapid and discriminatory method to correctly identify a large collection of different species of the class of Mollicutes and to recognize not-yet-described groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stakenborg
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Abstract
Between 1990 and 2000, more than 1600 mycoplasmas and the related acholeplasmas were identified from ruminant animals by the Mycoplasma Group at the Veterinary Laboratories Agency--Weybridge. Mycoplasma bovis was the most commonly identified pathogen, mostly from pneumonic calves but occasionally from cattle with mastitis and arthritis. Mycoplasma canis was first isolated in Britain in 1995 from pneumonic calves and the number of isolates increased to 18 per cent of the total mycoplasmas isolated from cattle in 1999. The ELISA for antibodies to M. bovis detected 1971 positive samples (22 per cent) among 8959 serum samples, mainly from pneumonic cattle. Other mycoplasmas identified included Mycoplasma dispar from the lungs of cattle with respiratory disease, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium from the reproductive tract of cows with vulvovaginitis and infertility. Mycoplasma bovirhinis and Acholeplasma species were found commonly but are thought to be more opportunistic than pathogenic. In sheep and goats, the majority of Mycoplasma species isolated were identified as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae from pneumonic sheep, Mycoplasma conjunctivae from sheep with keratoconjunctivitis, and the ubiquitous Mycoplasma arginini.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Ayling
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency--Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey
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4
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Tokovenko IP, Malynovs'ka LP. [Amino acid assimilation by representatives of the Acholeplasma genus]. Mikrobiol Z 2005; 67:9-14. [PMID: 15765878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid assimilation by different representatives of Acholeplasma genus has been investigated. It was shown that all 7 investigated typical strains Acholeplasma laidlawii PG-8, A. granularum BTS-39, A. modicum PG-49, A. oculi 19-L, A. morum 72-043, A. axanthum S-743, A. hippikon C-1 and 37 phytopathogenic strains isolated from the affected plants were able to assimilate asparagine, glutamine, threonine, histidine and proline. A majority of acholeplasmas were able to metabolize phenylalanine, methionine, glutamate and lysine, rarely isoleucine. Each of the investigated species of acholeplasmas had individual spectrum of assimilated amino acids that can be used as an additional systematic characteristic of mollicutes.
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5
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Knight TF. Reclassification of Mesoplasma pleciae as Acholeplasma pleciae comb. nov. on the basis of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence data. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:1951-1952. [PMID: 15545416 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic DNA sequence data for the 16S rRNA gene and the gyrB gene of Mesoplasma pleciae PS-1T (=ATCC 49582T=NBRC 100476T) demonstrate a much closer relationship to Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acholeplasma oculi than to other species in the order Entomoplasmatales. In addition, the preferred use of UGG rather than UGA as the codon for tryptophan in the gyrB sequence probably places the organism outside the order Entomoplasmatales. It is proposed that M. pleciae be reclassified in the genus Acholeplasma, as Acholeplasma pleciae comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Knight
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 32 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Angulo AF, Reijgers R, Brugman J, Kroesen I, Hekkens FE, Carle P, Bové JM, Tully JG, Hill AC, Schouls LM, Schot CS, Roholl PJ, Polak-Vogelzang AA. Acholeplasma vituli sp. nov., from bovine serum and cell cultures. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000; 50 Pt 3:1125-1131. [PMID: 10843054 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-50-3-1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms isolated from commercial foetal bovine serum and from cell culture lines containing such serum supplements were found to consist of non-helical, non-motile, pleomorphic coccoid forms. One strain (FC 097-2T) cultivated directly from foetal bovine serum was selected for characterization. In ultrastructural examination, individual round cells lacked cell wall structures and cells varied in size, with a mean diameter of about 700 nm. However, variable numbers of cells were filterable through membranes of 300 nm. Optimum growth occurred between 30 and 37 degrees C. The organism fermented glucose, fructose and mannose, but did not hydrolyse arginine. The strain was insensitive to 500 U penicillin ml(-1) and was capable of growing in the absence of serum or cholesterol. The organism was serologically distinct from all 13 currently described species in the genus Acholeplasma and from other sterol-requiring species in the genus Mycoplasma, using growth inhibition, immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence tests. Strain FC 097-2T was found to have a DNA G+C composition between 37.6 +/- 1 mol% and 38.3 +/- 1 mol%. The genome size was determined to be 2095 kbp. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain FC 097-2T was compared to 16S rDNA sequences of other mollicutes in nucleotide databases. No deposited sequence was found to be identical; the closest relatives were several members of the genus Acholeplasma. On the basis of these findings and other similarities to acholeplasmas in morphology and growth, the absence of a sterol requirement for growth, and similar genomic characteristics, the organism was assigned to the genus Acholeplasma. Strain FC 097-2T is designated the type strain (ATCC 700667T) of a new species, Acholeplasma vituli.
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7
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Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Genital mycoplasma infections. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1997; 109:578-83. [PMID: 9286063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 1937, 13 Mycoplasma species, two Acholeplasma species, and one Ureaplasma species have been isolated from humans. Six of these have the urogenital tract as the primary site of colonisation but others, which have the oropharynx and respiratory tract as the primary site, are found occasionally in the urogenital tract because of orogenital contact. Mycoplasma hominis was the first to be isolated and is most strongly associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), together with a variety of other bacteria. Its involvement in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and other conditions may be as part of BV, although when isolated in pure culture from the blood of women who have postpartum or postabortal fever there is no reason to suspect its aetiological role. There is evidence for an aetiological role for Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms (ureaplasmas) in acute non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and particularly chronic NGU in men, but they rank third to Chlamydia trachomatis and M. genitalium. Whether the association of ureaplasmas with miscarriage and preterm labour is in the context of BV is not clear. Of no doubt, however, is the ability of ureaplasmas to cause septic arthritis in hypogammaglobulinaemic patients and there is evidence that they may cause some cases of sexually acquired reactive arthritis. The advent of polymerase chain reaction technology has seen an advance in the understanding of the role of M. genitalium; there is strong evidence that it is one of the causes of both acute and chronic NGU independent of C. trachomatis. There is some support for the role of M. genitalium in PID, but this needs to be substantiated. Other mycoplasmas, for example M. fermentans, M. pivum, M. primatum, M. penetrans, M. spermatophilum and even M. pneumoniae have the capacity to cause urogenital tract disease but there is no evidence to indicate that they do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's Paddington, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Artiushin S, Duvall M, Minion FC. Phylogenetic analysis of mycoplasma strain ISM1499 and its assignment to the Acholeplasma oculi strain cluster. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995; 45:104-9. [PMID: 7857790 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-45-1-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A mycoplasma strain designated ISM1499 was used to develop a mycoplasma genetic system (G. G. Mahairas and F. C. Minion, J. Bacteriol. 171:1775-1780, 1989; G. G. Mahairas, C. Jian, and F. C. Minion, Gene 93:61-65, 1990), but phenotypic inconsistencies led to the conclusion that this organism had been classified incorrectly as a member of the species Mycoplasma pulmonis. Studies were initiated to determine the proper taxonomic position of ISM1499, and on the basis of the results of our genetic analysis, this strain was assigned to the Acholeplasma oculi strain cluster. The base composition of strain ISM1499 was identical to the base composition of A. oculi 19L, but not to the base composition of Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 (28.3 and 30.7 mol% G+C, respectively). The taxonomic position of ISM1499 was examined by performing a parsimony analysis with 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data, and the results were compared with previous phylogenetic reconstructions. Our results indicated that ISM1499 is more closely related phylogenetically to A. oculi 19L than to A. laidlawii PG8 and JA1. Heterogeneity in the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of A. oculi 19L and ISM1499 and in the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of A. laidlawii PG8 and JA1 may indicate that unusual dissimilarities occur in the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of members of the genus Acholeplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Artiushin
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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9
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Tully JG, Whitcomb RF, Rose DL, Bové JM, Carle P, Somerson NL, Williamson DL, Eden-Green S. Acholeplasma brassicae sp. nov. and Acholeplasma palmae sp. nov., two non-sterol-requiring mollicutes from plant surfaces. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994; 44:680-4. [PMID: 7981098 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-44-4-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two mollicutes (strains 0502T [T = type strain] and J233T), which were isolated from the surfaces of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) plants or the crown tissues of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), were capable of sustained growth in serum-free (or cholesterol-free) mycoplasma broth media. Examination by electron and dark-field microscopic techniques revealed that the cells of each strain were small, nonhelical, nonmotile, pleomorphic, and coccoid and that each cell was surrounded by a single cytoplasmic membrane. No evidence of a cell wall was found. The organisms were filterable and grew rapidly in most conventional mycoplasma culture medium formulations containing horse or fetal bovine sera under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The optimum temperature for growth of both organisms was 30 degrees C, but multiplication occurred over a temperature range from 18 to 37 degrees C. Both strains catabolized glucose, but did not hydrolyze arbutin, arginine, or urea. The genome size of strain 0502T was 1,215 kbp, and the DNA base composition (guanine-plus-cytosine content) was 35.5 mol%. The genome size of strain J233T was 1,610 kbp, and the DNA base composition was 30.0 mol%. The two isolates were not serologically related to each other or to the type strains of 11 previously described Acholeplasma species. Strain 0502 (= ATCC 49388) is the type strain of Acholeplasma brassicae sp. nov., and strain J233 (= ATCC 49389) is the type strain of Acholeplasma palmae sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Tully
- Mycoplasma Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702
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10
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Abstract
A global phylogenetic analysis using parsimony of 16S rRNA gene sequences from 46 mollicutes, 19 mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) (new trivial name, phytoplasmas), and several related bacteria placed the MLOs definitively among the members of the class Mollicutes and revealed that MLOs form a large discrete monophyletic clade, paraphyletic to the Acholeplasma species, within the Anaeroplasma clade. Within the MLO clade resolved in the global mollicutes phylogeny and a comprehensive MLO phylogeny derived by parsimony analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences from 30 diverse MLOs representative of nearly all known distinct MLO groups, five major phylogenetic groups with a total of 11 distinct subclades (monophyletic groups or taxa) could be recognized. These MLO subclades (roman numerals) and designated type strains were as follows: i, Maryland aster yellows AY1; ii, apple proliferation AP-A; iii, peanut witches'-broom PnWB; iv, Canada peach X CX; v, rice yellow dwarf RYD; vi, pigeon pea witches'-broom PPWB; vii, palm lethal yellowing LY; viii, ash yellows AshY; ix, clover proliferation CP; x, elm yellows EY; and xi, loofah witches'-broom LfWB. The designations of subclades and their phylogenetic positions within the MLO clade were supported by a congruent phylogeny derived by parsimony analyses of ribosomal protein L22 gene sequences from most representative MLOs. On the basis of the phylogenies inferred in the present study, we propose that MLOs should be represented taxonomically at the minimal level of genus and that each phylogenetically distinct MLO subclade identified should represent at least a distinct species under this new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gundersen
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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11
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12
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Abstract
By using specific primers, the 16S rRNA genes of Japanese mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) were amplified by polymerase chain reactions from MLO-enriched fractions of plants infected with each of six different MLOs. Each of the polymerase chain reaction fragments (length, 1,370 nucleotides) was directly sequenced in both strands by using 17 oligonucleotide primers. A phylogenetic tree constructed by using the sequence data showed that these Japanese MLOs are phylogenetically diverse microorganisms that fall into three groups, group I (onion yellows, tomato yellows, mulberry dwarf, and paulownia witches' broom MLOs), group II (tsuwabuki witches' broom MLO), and group III (rice yellow dwarf MLO). A high level of sequence homology (99%) between the Oenothera hookeri MLO and the severe strain of the western aster yellows MLO on the one hand and group I MLOs on the other indicates that the O. hookeri MLO and the severe strain of the western aster yellows MLO belong to group I and suggests that these MLOs, isolated from two geographically separated locations, descended from a very similar ancestor. Although group I contains phylogenetically identical MLOs, the organisms are transmitted by diverse insect vectors. The three MLO groups are more closely related to Acholeplasma laidlawii than to Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Thus, although MLOs are phylogenetically diverse, they are evolutionarily distant from other mollicutes. These data, together with other information (including phylogenetic relationships, vector specificity, plant-pathogenic properties, and habitat in plant phloem sieve tubes), suggest that MLOs could be classified into at least three phylogenetic groups (groups I through III).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Namba
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Navas-Castillo J, Laigret F, Bové JM. 16S rDNA sequence analysis of Acholeplasma seiffertii, a mollicute from plant surfaces, and its transfer to mesoplasma, a new genus in the spiroplasma phylogenetic group. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:2249. [PMID: 8502568 PMCID: PMC309492 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.9.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Navas-Castillo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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14
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Abstract
A mollicutes isolated from a guinea pig vagina was shown to be serologically distinct from previously recognized Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. Colonies isolated from 10 different guinea pigs were cloned and examined in detail. These strains were closely related and had the following properties: guanine-plus-cytosine content of 36 mol%, no requirement for sterol, and aerobic growth. Glucose was not metabolized, and arginine and urea were not hydrolyzed. Strain GP3 (= NCTC 11727) is the type strain of a new species, Acholeplasma cavigenitalium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hill
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
Acholeplasma strains were isolated from the nasopharynx of a horse (strain PN525T [T = type strain]) and the feces of a rabbit (strain B1). One clone of strain PN525T and one clone of strain B1 were examined in detail. These clones were indistinguishable from each other and were serologically distinct from the previously described Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma spp. The strains had the following properties: guanine-plus-cytosine content of 31 mol%; sterol was not required for growth, which occurred under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; glucose was metabolized; and arginine was hydrolyzed. Strain PN525 (= NCTC 11723) is the type strain of a new species, Acholeplasma multilocale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hill
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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16
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Ianchinova ZI. [The RNAse activity in mycoplasmas of different taxonomic positions]. Mikrobiol Zh (1978) 1992; 54:34-6. [PMID: 1406383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamics of the RNAase accumulation in cells and culture fluid of strains of Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma genera has been studied. In certain strains of two genera of mollicutes some differences in dynamics of RNAase formation by them are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J DaMassa
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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18
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Imada Y, Uchida I, Hashimoto K. Rapid identification of mycoplasmas by indirect immunoperoxidase test using small square filter paper. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:17-21. [PMID: 3539989 PMCID: PMC265805 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.17-21.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The indirect immunoperoxidase test using small, square filter paper was used for rapid identification of mycoplasmas. Colonies of type strains of 22 mycoplasma species, 3 acholeplasma species, and three Ureaplasma diversum serogroups were stained by this test with high sensitivity and specificity. All of 49 isolates from bovine materials and cell cultures were easily identified by this test, and the results agreed with those obtained by growth inhibition test. Use of filter paper made it possible to add different kinds of antisera or conjugates to the same agar plate simultaneously and also to save antiserum and conjugate. This test proved to be a simple and useful technique for rapid identification of many mycoplasma species grown on agar medium.
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Stalheim OH, Cottew GS, Freundt EA, Koski TA, Leach RH, Perreau P, Stone SS. Standard antisera produced in ponies for the identification of bovine mycoplasmas: comparative growth-inhibition results from six laboratories. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44:1898-900. [PMID: 6357003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antisera to 10 mycoplasma species of bovine origin were produced in 10 ponies and were distributed for evaluation in growth-inhibition tests at 6 laboratories in Australia, England, Denmark, France, and the United States. Except for a few failures with some antigens produced at the 6 laboratories, the antisera induced large zones of growth inhibition in homologous, but not heterologous, systems. These antisera may be useful as standard reagents for the identification of the bovine mycoplasmas.
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20
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Razin S, Tully JG, Rose DL, Barile MF. DNA cleavage patterns as indicators of genotypic heterogeneity among strains of Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma species. J Gen Microbiol 1983; 129:1935-44. [PMID: 6313853 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-129-6-1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic patterns of digestion products of Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma DNA by restriction endonucleases were compared. The patterns of Acholeplasma axanthum strains isolated from a variety of hosts and habitats differed markedly from each other, indicating considerable genotypic heterogeneity among strains included in this species. Heterogeneity was less marked among the Acholeplasma oculi strains tested, and was minimal among strains of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Strains of Mycoplasma genitalium isolated from the urethra of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis and from the urethra of an experimentally infected chimpanzee yielded identical cleavage patterns, indicating a high degree of genetic homogeneity of these strains. The data support the notion that mycoplasma species of strict host and tissue specificity exhibit marked genetic homogeneity. The advantages and deficiencies of the use of DNA cleavage patterns for classification purposes are discussed.
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21
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Stephens EB, Aulakh GS, Rose DL, Tully JG, Barile MF. Intraspecies genetic relatedness among strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and of Acholeplasma axanthum by nucleic acid hybridization. J Gen Microbiol 1983; 129:1929-34. [PMID: 6631407 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-129-6-1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the intraspecies genetic relatedness among strains of two established species of Acholeplasma. Radiolabelled DNA probes were prepared from three strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and two strains of Acholeplasma axanthum, by using the nick translation method. The labelled DNA probes of these two strains were hybridized to an excess of unlabelled DNA from 12 strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and from six strains of Acholeplasma axanthum, respectively. Nucleic acid hybridization analyses showed a wide variation among strains within each of the two established species, ranging from 48 to 100% homology. The results demonstrate that strains isolated from diverse hosts and habitats within a given species of Acholeplasma exhibit extensive genotypic variations.
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O'Brien SJ, Simonson JM, Razin S, Barile MF. On the distribution and characteristics of isozyme expression in Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma species. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56:701-8. [PMID: 6679151 PMCID: PMC2590544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A summary of a survey of three genera of mycoplasmatales (Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, and Ureaplasma) for isozyme expression is presented. Isozyme analysis of mycoplasmas has been employed in at least three distinct areas: (1) as genetic markers for identification, individualization, and taxonomic classification; (2) as markers for cell culture contamination; and (3) as a qualitative measure of the operative metabolic pathways in the diverse species. We have found five ubiquitous enzymes: purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenylate kinase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, dipeptidase, and esterase. Three enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase, were restricted to Acholeplasma species and were not detected in Mycoplasma or Ureaplasma. Four glycolytic enzymes, glucose phosphate isomerase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase, were restricted to those species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma capable of glucose fermentation. Two of these glycolytic enzymes, glucose phosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase, were detected in serovars I and II of U. urealyticum, which is inconsistent with the non-glycolytic activity in this genus.
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Langworthy TA. Lipid tracers of mycoplasma phylogeny. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56:385-90. [PMID: 6382818 PMCID: PMC2590505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of the lipid composition between members of the Mycoplasmatales reveals a striking diversity of lipid structures, not only between the six genera but among species within the same genus. This is in contrast to nearly all other bacterial groups in which members of the same genus possess essentially the same lipids. There are in fact more similarities between lipids of a given species of mycoplasma and a genus of bacterium than there are between lipids of a given species of mycoplasma and a genus of bacterium than there are between mycoplasma species. Mycoplasmal lipids suggest that these organisms do not represent a phylogenetically related group at all, but are probably degenerative forms of bacteria, particularly gram-positive bacteria, which have lost the ability to synthesize a cell wall.
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Abstract
Acholeplasmas were detected in five of 96 feces samples from clinically normal horses. Three of the five strains isolated were identified as A. equifetale, one as A. hippikon, and one was serologically identical with the Acholeplasma strain 881.
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Abstract
We report the establishment of a phylogenetic relationship between the sterol-nonrequiring mycoplasmas (Acholeplasma species) and streptococci. Three specific antisera prepared against purified Streptococcus faecalis fructose diphosphate aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and Pediococcus cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were used for comparative enzyme immunological studies; the Ouchterlony double-diffusion technique and the quantitative microcomplement fixation procedure were employed. The reactions obtained provide evidence showing that all seven ACholeplasma species studied (A. laidlawii, A. granularum, A. modicum, A. oculi, A. axanthum. A. hippikon, and A. equifetale) are phylogenetically related to streptococci and that they evolved from streptococci. The data strongly suggest that the acholeplasmas comprise a distinct evolutionary group that has diverged from streptococci belonging to Lancefield group D or N. No reactions were observed between these enzyme antisera and cell extracts from six fermentative Mycoplasma species. These results support the view that mycoplasmas are derived from various bacteria.
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Marantidi AN, Dzhikidze EK. [Biochemical and serologic study of Acholeplasmae isolated from monkeys]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1981:50-3. [PMID: 6787821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and serological properties of mycoplasmas isolated from the blood, feces and parenchymatous organs of monkeys have been studied to determine their species. It was established that the isolated strains belong to the family Acholeplasmatoceae. The study of their biochemical properties in different tests has revealed the presence of 5 biochemically heterogeneous groups. Their serological properties suggest that 13 out of 45 strains are identical to the reference strain of A. laidlawii A, and all other strains have been classified as new Acholeplasma species which have never been isolated from monkeys before.
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Sugino WM, Wek RC, Kingsbury DT. Partial nucleotide sequence similarity within species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma. J Gen Microbiol 1980; 121:333-8. [PMID: 7264601 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-121-2-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence relationships between 18 species of Mycoplasma and 3 species of Acholeplasma were examined by solution DNA hybridization. Radiolabeled DNAs from strains representing 13 Mycoplasma and 2 Acholeplasma species were used as hybridization probes. The mycoplasmas were heterogeneous but displayed a low degree of conserved information of the order of 3 to 5% of the genome. However, several species within each genus showed 13 to 15% homology. There was no detectable homology between species from the two genera, and M. pneumoniae and M. neurolyticum appeared to be unrelated to any of the other Mycoplasma species or to each other. These results suggest that it may be possible to isolate genes common to most, if not all, Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species.
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Neill SD, Ball HJ. Aminopeptidase activity of Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, Mycoplasma dispar and Mycoplasma bovis. J Gen Microbiol 1980; 119:103-7. [PMID: 7411115 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-119-1-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase activity was demonstrated in extracts of Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, M. bovis and M. dispar. The enzyme specificity, which differed amongst the mycoplasma species examined, was characterized using 19 aminoacyl-beta-naphthylamides as substrates. The differences were detected after 4 h incubation with the substrates and potentially could be employed to aid in the characterization of certain mycoplasma species.
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Abstract
The reference strains Type A and Type B and two equine strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii were examined for a wide range of isoenzymes using thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis; in addition two isoenzymes were examined in two strains of A. equifetale. The type strains A and B of A. laidlawii were differentiated by their lactate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aspartate aminotransferase patterns and the two equine strains by their hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase patterns. The two pairs of strains differed from one another with respect to hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, adenylate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The two strains of A. equifetale could be distinguished by their isoenzymes of hexokinase. The two species were differentiated by their hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase patterns.
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Ernø H, Salih MM. The growth precipitation test as a diagnostic method for differentiation of mycoplasma and acholeplasma species. Acta Vet Scand 1980; 21:469-81. [PMID: 7223574 PMCID: PMC8317748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the growth precipitation (GP) test for routine identification. The test was performed as described by Heitmann & Kirchhoff (1978) which is a modification of the method of Krogsgaard-Jensen (1972). On the basis of examination of 82 strains, using indirect immunofluorescence (IMF) and growth inhibition (GI) as well as GP tests it is concluded that the GP test seems to be very useful for species identification in the genus Acholeplasma, as this method displayed fewer cross-reactions between species than the other 2 tests. When applied to the genus Mycoplasma, however, the GP test is not species-specific, due to cross reactions observed within the group of arginine positive and within the group of glucose and scrum digestion positive species. In the genus Mycoplasma the method can only be used as a screening tool, and final identification is in general based on growth inhibition and immunofluorescence.
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Watabe J, Ogata M. Studies on classification of Acholeplasmas isolated from horses, cattle and abattoir sewage. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi 1979; 41:9-17. [PMID: 430937 DOI: 10.1292/jvms1939.41.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Polak-Vogelzang AA, Hagenaars R, Nagel J. Evaluation of an indirect immunoperoxidase test for identification of acholeplasma and mycoplasma. J Gen Microbiol 1978; 106:241-9. [PMID: 353224 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-106-2-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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