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Gur A, Tekin E. 10% Lidocaine spray as a local anesthetic in blood gas sampling: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 49:89-93. [PMID: 34098331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Radial artery blood gas sampling is a very common procedure undertaken in the emergency department to evaluate respiratory and metabolic parameters. This intervention causes both anxiety and pain for the patient. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the analgesic efficacy of lidocaine spray compared to a placebo during radial artery blood gas sampling. METHODS This study was conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital with a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. A total of 144 patients were randomly divided into two groups: One group (n = 72) received 10% lidocaine spray and the other (n = 72) was the placebo group. The analgesic efficacy of the 10% lidocaine spray was compared with the placebo group using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). RESULTS In the evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of the 10% lidocaine spray, the VAS score was 1.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.0] for the lidocaine group and 5 (IQR: 2.0) for the placebo group. The role of lidocaine spray in reducing pain was statistically significant compared to the placebo (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION In blood gas sampling, 10% lidocaine spray has analgesic efficacy. Therefore, we recommend the use of lidocaine spray while performing arterial blood gas sampling in emergency departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gur
- Ataturk University School of Medicine, Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Tekin
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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2
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Martinez RA, Hurff A, DeGeorge KC, DeGeorge BR. How to minimize the pain of local anesthetic administration. J Fam Pract 2020; 69:172-178. [PMID: 32437482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Expertise in the delivery of effective local analgesia is critical to the success of in-office procedures. Here's how to optimize patient outcomes and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Martinez
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Ashlee Hurff
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Brent R DeGeorge
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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3
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Monahan JJ, Mantilla-Rivas E. Local Anesthetics With Dilute Epinephrine in Extremity Surgery, Including New Evidence for Pediatric Population. AORN J 2019; 110:438-442. [PMID: 31560433 DOI: 10.1002/aorn.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Kästner S. [Use of local anaesthetics in the horse. Pharmacological and legal aspects]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2011; 39:117-123. [PMID: 22138774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kästner
- Kleintierklinik, der Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover.
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Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Fellows B, Abdi S, Buenaventura RM, Conn A, Datta S, Derby R, Falco FJE, Erhart S, Diwan S, Hayek SM, Helm S, Parr AT, Schultz DM, Smith HS, Wolfer LR, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:699-802. [PMID: 19644537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain are described here to provide recommendations for clinicians. OBJECTIVE To develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spinal pain. DESIGN Systematic assessment of the literature. METHODS Strength of evidence was assessed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria utilizing 5 levels of evidence ranging from Level I to III with 3 subcategories in Level II. OUTCOMES Short-term pain relief was defined as relief lasting at least 6 months and long-term relief was defined as longer than 6 months, except for intradiscal therapies, mechanical disc decompression, spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal infusion systems, wherein up to one year relief was considered as short-term. RESULTS The indicated evidence for accuracy of diagnostic facet joint nerve blocks is Level I or II-1 in the diagnosis of lumbar, thoracic, and cervical facet joint pain. The evidence for lumbar and cervical provocation discography and sacroiliac joint injections is Level II-2, whereas it is Level II-3 for thoracic provocation discography. The indicated evidence for therapeutic interventions is Level I for caudal epidural steroid injections in managing disc herniation or radiculitis, and discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. The evidence is Level I or II-1 for percutaneous adhesiolysis in management of pain secondary to post-lumbar surgery syndrome. The evidence is Level II-1 or II-2 for therapeutic cervical, thoracic, and lumbar facet joint nerve blocks; for caudal epidural injections in managing pain of post-lumbar surgery syndrome, and lumbar spinal stenosis, for cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing cervical pain (Level II-1); for lumbar transforaminal epidural injections; and spinal cord stimulation for post-lumbar surgery syndrome. The indicated evidence for intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET), mechanical disc decompression with automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy (APLD), and percutaneous lumbar laser discectomy (PLDD) is Level II-2. LIMITATIONS The limitations of these guidelines include a continued paucity of the literature, lack of updates, and conflicts in preparation of systematic reviews and guidelines by various organizations. CONCLUSION The indicated evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions is variable from Level I to III. These guidelines include the evaluation of evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in managing chronic spinal pain and recommendations for managing spinal pain. However, these guidelines do not constitute inflexible treatment recommendations. Further, these guidelines also do not represent "standard of care."
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Maywald U, Schindler C. Pharmakologische Interaktionen als Ursache für einen Wirkungsverlust von Lokalanästhetika. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2006; 131:1412-3. [PMID: 16783676 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-946589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Baele PL. Miss-'n-mix and mimics. Batch DM 998. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2003; 54:149-50. [PMID: 12872431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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8
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of 0.5% proparacaine stored at room temperature for 6 weeks. ANIMALS STUDIED Six normal dogs, evaluated on a weekly basis for 6 weeks. PROCEDURE Proparacaine stored at 4 degrees C or at room temperature, was evaluated in the right and left eye of each dog, respectively. Corneal sensitivity was assessed with a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer before and after instillation of proparacaine at each time point. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was seen in corneal sensitivity beginning at week 3 for the eyes receiving room-temperature proparacaine compared to refrigerated proparacaine. Differences were not seen between right and left eyes before instillation of proparacaine for any time point, nor for eyes receiving refrigerated proparacaine over the 6 week study period. CONCLUSION Short-term storage of proparacaine at room temperature did not affect efficacy, but storage at room temperature for more than 2 weeks resulted in a decrease in drug effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stiles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Oliver DW, Balan KK, Burrows NP, Hall PN. Dispersal of radioisotope labelled solution following deep dermal injection in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Br J Plast Surg 2000; 53:308-12. [PMID: 10876255 DOI: 10.1054/bjps.2000.3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is the commonest inherited disorder of connective tissue, affecting around 10 000 patients in the UK. Patients with EDS have reported that local anaesthetic is often ineffective. Patients with less severe skin laxity often have the most problems. We have postulated that this resistance to local anaesthetics is not due to the lax connective tissues as is often assumed. This study used radioactively labelled solution ((99m)Tc-pertechnetate) administered as a deep dermal injection in the forearm. The rate of dispersal of isotope was measured over 60 min and found to be identical between six patients with EDS and three controls. The effects of local anaesthetics are complex and depend on the individual chemical properties of the agent and a number of tissue factors. This study would suggest that the lack of effectiveness of local anaesthetic solutions is not due to rapid dispersal of solution. It is unlikely therefore that its lack of effect can be compensated for by simply increasing the amount used. The diagnosis of EDS should be considered in any patient who complains unexpectedly of pain during their procedure, particularly when the surgeon knows that an adequate volume of local anaesthetic has been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Oliver
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
First, do no harm. We believe that the analgesia provided by topical anaesthetic is adequate for small-incision cataract surgery and does not compromise the safety of the surgery. In addition, the lack of amaurosis is ideal for day-case surgery, which itself is increasingly popular. If preventable, why not prevented? The greatest attraction of topical anaesthesia is its complete absence of the complications described for injectional local anaesthetic techniques. We therefore recommend that our colleagues consider topical anaesthetic for patients undergoing small-incision cataract surgery under local anaesthesia. Our policy for the past 3 years has been to use only topical or general anaesthetics for cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Claoué
- Cromwell Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Scott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian
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12
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Abstract
The stability of diamorphine (0.02 mg/ml as the hydrochloride) in 250 ml bupivacaine hydrochloride (0.15% wt/vol infusion) was studied by high pressure liquid chromatography at temperatures in the range 7 to 45 degrees C. Diamorphine hydrochloride was degraded by approximately 0.13% per day at 7 degrees C. No bupivacaine hydrochloride degradation was detectable during the study. The storage life of the combination at 7 degrees C, based on the lower 95% confidence limit of the time to 5% diamorphine hydrochloride degradation, was 14 days. The stability at 25 degrees C was adequate to allow transport and administration over 24 h at ambient temperature. Stability was also maintained for at least 24 hr at 32 and 45 degrees C. Infusion of the mixture with an ambulatory infusion pump which uses a standard polyvinyl infusion bag is therefore possible. A study of its compatibility with different infusion pump medication reservoirs was not undertaken. The drugs were also stable on frozen storage at -18 degrees C for up to 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Barnes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vertommen JD. Labor pain relief using bupivacaine and sufentanil: patient controlled epidural analgesia versus intermittent injections. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 59 Suppl:S47-54. [PMID: 7556823 DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(95)02063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the use of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) versus intermittent injections (CIT) resulted in local anesthetic dose reduction. STUDY DESIGN PCEA and CIT using a mixture of 0.125% bupivacaine with sufentanil 1 or 0.75 microgram/ml were compared in 60 and 195 parturients, respectively. Assessments included pain scores, local anesthetic consumption, degree of motor blockade, type of delivery and neonatal outcome. Statistical analysis was done using Student's t test and Chi-squares. RESULTS PCEA and CIT provided effective analgesia during labor and delivery. A higher dose of opioid significantly reduced the use of local anesthetic solution in PCEA-patients. There was no difference in motor blockade, type of delivery and neonatal outcome. CONCLUSION Patient-controlled epidural analgesia is an effective, safe and acceptable alternative to conventional intermittent epidural injections for pain relief during labor and delivery.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Analgesia, Epidural/standards
- Analgesia, Obstetrical/standards
- Analgesia, Patient-Controlled/standards
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/standards
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Local/standards
- Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use
- Bupivacaine/administration & dosage
- Bupivacaine/standards
- Bupivacaine/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Epinephrine/administration & dosage
- Epinephrine/standards
- Epinephrine/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Injections/standards
- Labor, Obstetric/drug effects
- Labor, Obstetric/physiology
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Sufentanil/administration & dosage
- Sufentanil/standards
- Sufentanil/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Vandermeulen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Waldman SD. Issues in the selection of local anesthetics. Hosp Formul 1991; 26:590, 596-7. [PMID: 10112296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Several factors influence the safety with which neural blockade is performed, and something as simple as proper packaging can make a significant difference. For example, bulk packaging, individual boxes, and labels all should be color coded for easy identification and to alert the prescriber of ingredients requiring particular caution. One must also take care not to confuse single-use with multiple-use products, if the latter cannot be eliminated from formulary. Furthermore, substitutions must be made properly, particularly to avoid complications associated with products that contain preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Waldman
- Pain Consortium of Greater Kansas City, Leawood 66211
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Abstract
By means of a recently developed electronical optical esthesiometer the efficacy of five different topical anaesthetics was compared. The influence of vehicle and concentration was also investigated. From the results it can be concluded that the drugs currently available are of suitable local anaesthetic effect with little influence of the vehicle or preservative agent used.
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Yolton DP, German CJ. Fluress, fluorescein and benoxinate: recovery from bacterial contamination. J Am Optom Assoc 1980; 51:471-4. [PMID: 6771320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recover from bacterial contaminations with Staphylococcus auresus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined for three optometric DPAs: Fluress, fluorescein and benoxinate. Results show that Fluress recovers from contamination more rapidly than benoxinate or fluorescein. This ability to recover from contamination and the relative ease of use of Fluress may make it the DPA choice for a number of optometric procedures including applanation tonometry.
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Council announces classification of additional products. Council on Dental Therapeutics. J Am Dent Assoc 1978; 97:857-9. [PMID: 281428 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1978.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Klier KF, Papendick U. [The local anesthetic effect of NA872-containing eyedrops]. Med Monatsschr 1977; 31:575-8. [PMID: 593223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Wörner H, Mayer R. [Clinical experiences with Ultracain]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1976; 31:657-60. [PMID: 1066248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Maltzan R. [Comparative tests of tetracian and of the new local anesthetic carticain in spinal anesthesiasa double placebo study]. Prakt Anaesth 1976; 11:91-5. [PMID: 785432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Onset of effect, degree of effect and duration of effect of Tetracain (Pantocain) and Carticain (Ultracain) in hyperbaric solutions were compared on 60 subjects with spinal anesthesias. In the double-blind trial with individual randomization, no difference was found regarding the onset of action (latency period), the intensity of analgesia and the extent of the muscle blocking. With 151 +/- 48.9 min., the duration of analgesia with Carticain was distinctly and significantly shorter than in the case of Tetracain with 278 +/- 108.9 min., but thoroughly sufficient for the nature and duration of the surgical operations on pour patients, even in the postoperative phase.
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Mayer R, Einsele E. [Surface anesthetics in dentistry]. ZWR 1976; 85:218-24. [PMID: 3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Walter HG. [Toxicity tests in vasoconstrictor agents added to local anesthetics]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1975; 30:632-5. [PMID: 1060557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The toxicities of adrenalin, nor-adrenalin and vasopressin derivatives were compared on the basis of animal tests, among others. The adrenalin additive is rejected.
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Proctor JB, Doyle TD. Determination of procaine and related local anesthetics. II. Collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1975; 58:93-4. [PMID: 1141160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ion-pairing chromatographic method reported previously for the isolation and spectrophotometric determination of the local anesthetics, alone and in combination, was studied collaboratively. Three solutions were assayed. One containing procaine as the single active component gave an average recovery of 99.8 plus or minus 1.7%. A mixture of procaine and tetracaine gave results of 99.3 plus or minus 1.6 and 98.9 plus or minus 8.82%, respectively. A third solution containing procaine and propoxycaine assayed 100.0 plus or minus 1.5 and 99.1 plus or minus 1.9%, respectively. It was shown that low results for tetracaine were due to loss during the final evaporative step. The method for samples containing tetracaine should be studied further. The other methods have been adopted as official first action.
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Pesák M, Kopecký F, Celechovský J, Borovanský A, Lukás A. [Study on local anesthetics. XLV. Physico-chemical properties and effectiveness of basic anilides]. Cesk Farm 1974; 23:207-9. [PMID: 4419003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Luscombe DK, Williams G. Device for use in evaluating local anaesthetics. Lab Pract 1973; 22:360 passim. [PMID: 4702461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Angkatawanich C. [Method of evaluation of local anesthetic drugs in vitro]. J Dent Assoc Thai 1972; 22:130-1. [PMID: 4516844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Chang PM. [A comparative study on evaluation of commonly used local anesthetic agents]. Shigaku 1972; 60:79-94. [PMID: 4506445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Castagnola L, Garberoglio L, Scotti S. [Bacteriological and clinical study on a new product for contact anesthesia "Tonexol spray"]. Mondo Odontostomatol 1972; 14:253-8. [PMID: 4504485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Ewers HJ. [Clinical study on the subjective sensations during application of the surface anesthetic Tonexol Spray]. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd 1972; 82:86-92. [PMID: 4500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fertig JW, Chilton NW. Combining contingency tables from a dental local anaesthetic study: fixed model, two-way layout, with dichotomous responses. Arch Oral Biol 1970; 15:663-73. [PMID: 5272370 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(70)90134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Anesthetic sprays and wipes. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1969; 11:70-1. [PMID: 5822899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Cattaneo V, Sapelli PL. [Surface anesthesia. Testing of a drug new composition]. Arch Stomatol (Napoli) 1968; 9:347-57. [PMID: 5268885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Zipf HF. [The quality of local anesthetic from current viewpoints]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1968; 93:405-12. [PMID: 4869856 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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Calderari G. [Experimental clinical studies on a new surface anesthetic]. Rass Int Stomatol Prat 1968; 19:37-44. [PMID: 5243684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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38
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Hallock GV. Quality control and pharmacodynamics of local anesthetics. Anesth Prog 1967; 14:279-84. [PMID: 5238284 PMCID: PMC2235464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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