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Mercadante S, Adile C, Masedu F, Valenti M, Aielli F. Breakthrough Cancer Pain in Patients With Abdominal Visceral Cancer Pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2019; 57:966-970. [PMID: 30822530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) in patients with abdominal cancer pain, and the eventual factors associated with its presentation. METHODS Patients with abdominal visceral cancer presenting BTcP were included in the analysis. Pain intensity, current analgesic therapy, number of BTcP episodes, intensity of BTcP, its predictability and triggers, onset (≤10 minutes or >10 minutes), duration, interference with daily activities, medications and doses currently used for BTcP, and time to meaningful pain relief were collected. Adverse effects imputable to a BTcP medication were recorded. RESULTS Four hundred fourteen patients were included in the study. The mean background pain was 2.7 (SD 1.19) and most patients (97.6%) were receiving opioids. The mean number of BTcP episodes/day was 2.2 (SD 1.51). The mean intensity of BTcP was 7.3 (SD 1.32). BTcP onset was ≤10 minutes and >10 minutes in 271 (65.5%) and 143 patients (35.5%), respectively, and the mean duration was 52.6 minutes (SD 38.1). Interference of BTcP with daily activity was relevant for 340 patients (82%). In 122 patients (29.5%), BTcP was predictable and ingestion of food (n = 63, 51.6%) was the most frequent trigger. In comparison with unpredictable BTcP, postprandial BTcP had a lower intensity (P = 0.039), had a faster onset (P = 0.042), and was associated with the use of oxycodone/naloxone (P = 0.003), and less use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Patients with abdominal visceral BTcP represent a subgroup with specific features of BTcP, particularly those with predictable BTcP. Ingestion of food was the prominent trigger for BTcP, having a faster onset and a lower intensity. This group of patients more frequently used oxycodone/naloxone or no anti-inflammatory drugs. These findings suggest consequential therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Mercadante
- Main Regional Center for Pain Relief and Supportive/Palliative Care, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Claudio Adile
- Main Regional Center for Pain Relief and Supportive/Palliative Care, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Masedu
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Valenti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Federica Aielli
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Fallon M, Giusti R, Aielli F, Hoskin P, Rolke R, Sharma M, Ripamonti CI. Management of cancer pain in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2018; 29:iv166-iv191. [PMID: 30052758 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Fallon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Giusti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital of Rome, Rome
| | - F Aielli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Hoskin
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - R Rolke
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Sharma
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - C I Ripamonti
- Department of Onco-Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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Canal-Sotelo J, Trujillano-Cabello J, Larkin P, Arraràs-Torrelles N, González-Rubió R, Rocaspana-Garcia M, Barallat-Gimeno E. Prevalence and characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain in an outpatient clinic in a Catalan teaching hospital: incorporation of the Edmonton Classification System for Cancer pain into the diagnostic algorithm. BMC Palliat Care 2018; 17:81. [PMID: 29807537 PMCID: PMC5971419 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-018-0336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) is defined according to its principal characteristics: high intensity, short time interval between onset and peak intensity, short duration, potential recurrence over 24 h and non-responsiveness to standard analgesic regimes. The Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain (ECS-CP) is a classification tool that evaluates different dimensions of pain. The aim of this study was to measure prevalence and the main characteristics of BTcP in a sample of advanced cancer patients and to explore the complexity observed when ECS-CP is incorporated into BTcP diagnostics algorithm. METHODS Descriptive prevalence study (Retrospective chart review). Davies' algorithm was used to identify BTcP and ECS-CP was used to recognize appropriate dimensions of pain. The study was conducted in a sample of advanced cancer patients attending hospital outpatient clinic in Lleida, Spain. 277 patients were included from 01/01/2014 to 31/12/2015. No direct contact was made with participants. The following information was extracted from the palliative care outpatient clinic database: age, gender, civil status, cognitive impairment status, functional performance status and variables related to tumour. Only BTcP cases were included. RESULTS Prevalence of BTcP was 39.34% (63.9% men). Mean of age was 68.2 years. Main diagnosis was lung cancer (n = 154; 31.6%). Metastases were diagnosed in 83% of the sample. 138 patients (49.8%) were diagnosed with 1 type of BTcP and 139 (50.2%) were diagnosed with more than one type of BTcP. In total, 488 different types of BTcP were recorded (mean 1.75 ± 0, 9), 244 of these types (50%) presented a component of neuropathic pain. Addictive behaviour, measured through CAGE test, was present in 29.2% (N = 81) of the patients and psychological distress was present in 40.8% (n = 113). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of BTcP (39.34%) is similar to the one reflected in the existing literature. Study results indicate that the routine use of ECS-CP in a clinical setting allows us to detect more than one type of BTcP as well as additional complexity associated with pain (neuropathic, addictive behavior and psychological distress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Canal-Sotelo
- Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, UFISS GSS, Alcalde Rovira Roure, 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Philip Larkin
- University College Dublin, School of Nursing and Midwifery and health Systems Health Sciences, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Mariona Rocaspana-Garcia
- Faculty of Nursing and Phisiotherapy, Universitat de Lleida, Montserrat Roig 2, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Barallat-Gimeno
- Faculty of Nursing and Phisiotherapy, Universitat de Lleida, Montserrat Roig 2, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Campagna S, Dimonte V. [A contribute to improve understanding and management<BR>of cancer pain: the breakthrough pain.<BR>Just pain, specific symptom or something else?]. Assist Inferm Ric 2017; 36:158-164. [PMID: 28956872 DOI: 10.1702/2786.28225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Hjermstad MJ, Kaasa S, Caraceni A, Loge JH, Pedersen T, Haugen DF, Aass N. Characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain and its influence on quality of life in an international cohort of patients with cancer. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2016; 6:344-52. [PMID: 27342412 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2015-000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breakthrough cancer pain (BTP) represents a treatment challenge. Objectives were to examine the prevalence and characteristics of BTP in an international sample of patients with cancer, and to investigate the relationship between BTP and quality of life (QoL). METHODS This was an observational cross-sectional multicentre study. Participating patients completed self-report questionnaires on a touch-screen laptop computer, including the Brief Pain Inventory, Alberta Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool (ABPAT) and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 30-item Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). The study was performed in 17 centres in 8 countries and involved 4 languages (Norwegian, Italian, German and English). RESULTS Records from a convenience sample of 978 patients with advanced cancer were analysed; mean age was 62.2 years, 48.3% were women and 84.4% had metastatic disease. A total of 296 patients (30%) had no pain, defined as worst pain in the past 24 hours <1 on a 0-10 scale. Of the 682 patients with a pain score ≥1, 393 (58%) reported no BTP on the screening item, while 289 (30%) confirmed flare ups of BTP. Patients with BTP reported significantly higher pain intensity scores (<0.001) than patients without BTP; 57.1% of patients rated BTP at its worst as being severe: ≥7 on a 0-10 scale. Time from onset to peak intensity was <10 min for 42.9%, and average time to pain relief was 27.1 min. BTP was commonly triggered by medication wearing off (28%). Patients with BTP had significantly worse mean outcomes on 10 of 15 functional and symptom scales of the EORTC QLQ-C30 (<0.001). Severe pain intensity in the last week was a powerful predictor of BTP (OR 4.1) and poor QoL (OR 1.9). CONCLUSIONS BTP is highly prevalent with prolonged episodes despite analgaesics, and has a pervasive impact on QoL. Patients reporting high pain intensity should be carefully evaluated for BTP and efficacy of analgaesic treatment, to provide optimal pain management and improve QoL. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00972634; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Jensen Hjermstad
- Department of Oncology, Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, European Palliative Care Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stein Kaasa
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, European Palliative Care Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Department of Oncology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augusto Caraceni
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, European Palliative Care Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Department of Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Jon H Loge
- Department of Oncology, Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Pedersen
- Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagny Faksvåg Haugen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, European Palliative Care Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Regional Centre of Excellence for Palliative Care, Western Norway, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Department of Clinical Medicine K1, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Aass
- Department of Oncology, Regional Advisory Unit for Palliative Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Guitart J, Vargas MI, De Sanctis V, Folch J, Salazar R, Fuentes J, Coma J, Ferreras J, Moya J, Tomás A, Estivill P, Rodelas F, Jiménez AJ. Sublingual Fentanyl Tablets for Relief of Breakthrough Pain in Cancer Patients and Association with Quality-of-Life Outcomes. Clin Drug Investig 2016; 35:815-22. [PMID: 26507617 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-015-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Breakthrough pain (BTP) is highly prevalent in patients with cancer and is strongly associated with adverse outcomes related to health status, mood, anxiety and depression. However, studies on the effect of BTP medication on quality of life (QOL) are lacking. The purpose of this study was to provide a qualitative evaluation of the effect of sublingual fentanyl tablets (SFT), a therapy specifically developed for BTP, on the QOL of cancer pain patients. METHODS We conducted a multicentre, prospective observation post-authorisation, open-label study between March and December 2013. The study consisted of a screening visit and four assessment points at 3, 7, 15 and 30 days. Pain intensity (PI), frequency of BTP, onset of pain relief and adverse events (AEs) were assessed at each visit. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and health status using the Short Form 12, version 2 (SF-12v2) Health Survey. RESULTS Of the 102 patients considered eligible, 81 (79.4 %) were enrolled; of these, 69 (85.1 %) completed the study. Significant pain reduction was achieved for average PI (p < 0.001) compared with baseline. At the end of the observational period, HADS scores showed significant improvement in the depression subscale (p = 0.005) and the anxiety subscale (p < 0.001). Similarly, SF-12 scores showed significant improvement, both in the mental component score (p < 0.001) and the physical component score (p = 0.002). SFT was well-tolerated and only one patient withdrew from the study due to drug-related AEs. CONCLUSION SFT represents an effective, well-tolerated treatment for cancer BTP. Results provide consistent evidence for the positive impact of SFT on health-related QOL and physical functioning as well as other co-morbidities of cancer BTP such as anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Guitart
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Plató, c/ Plató 21., 08006, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Vargas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente De Sanctis
- Pain Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Folch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Plató, c/ Plató 21., 08006, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Salazar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Comarcal d'Inca, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José Fuentes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pius Hospital de Valls, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Coma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital General de l'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Ferreras
- Pain Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Residència Sant Camil, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Moya
- Pain Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Mateu Orfila, Minorca, Spain
| | - Albert Tomás
- Pain Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Fundació Hospital Sant Bernabé, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Estivill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodelas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Comarcal d'Inca, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Davis MP. Efficacy of rapid-onset oral fentanyl: what does it mean? J Pain Symptom Manage 2014; 48:e2-3. [PMID: 24704798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- Department of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Jandhyala R, Fullarton JR, Bennett MI. Authors' reply to Davis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2014; 48:e3-4. [PMID: 24809763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Deandrea S, Corli O, Consonni D, Villani W, Greco MT, Apolone G. Prevalence of breakthrough cancer pain: a systematic review and a pooled analysis of published literature. J Pain Symptom Manage 2014; 47:57-76. [PMID: 23796584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the large body of literature on breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP), an accurate estimate of BTcP prevalence is still not available. OBJECTIVES To provide an estimate of BTcP prevalence and investigate the association between different prevalence rates and possible determinants. METHODS We conducted MEDLINE and EMBASE searches for studies published from 1990 to 2012 reporting data on BTcP prevalence in adult cancer populations. Pooled prevalence rates from observational studies with an acceptable methodological quality were computed. The association between BTcP prevalence and possible predictors was investigated using subgroup analyses and meta-regression. RESULTS Twenty-seven observational studies were identified. When quality criteria were applied, only 19 studies were included in the pooled analysis. The overall pooled prevalence was 59.2%, with high heterogeneity. The lowest prevalence rates were detected in studies conducted in outpatient clinics (39.9%), and the highest prevalence was reported in studies conducted in hospice (80.5%). The association between BTcP prevalence and other determinants such as publication year, age, gender, metastatic disease prevalence, or baseline pain intensity did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION In the context of a large between-studies heterogeneity, more than one in two patients with cancer pain also experiences BTcP, with some variability according to clinical and organizational variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Deandrea
- Center for the Evaluation and Research on Pain (CERP), IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy; Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria "G. A. Maccacaro,", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Oscar Corli
- Center for the Evaluation and Research on Pain (CERP), IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Villani
- Center for the Evaluation and Research on Pain (CERP), IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Greco
- Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria "G. A. Maccacaro,", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Apolone
- Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio-Emilia, Italy
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Davies A, Buchanan A, Zeppetella G, Porta-Sales J, Likar R, Weismayr W, Slama O, Korhonen T, Filbet M, Poulain P, Mystakidou K, Ardavanis A, O'Brien T, Wilkinson P, Caraceni A, Zucco F, Zuurmond W, Andersen S, Damkier A, Vejlgaard T, Nauck F, Radbruch L, Sjolund KF, Stenberg M. Breakthrough cancer pain: an observational study of 1000 European oncology patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2013; 46:619-28. [PMID: 23523361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Breakthrough pain is common in patients with cancer and is a significant cause of morbidity in this group of patients. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize breakthrough pain in a diverse population of cancer patients. METHODS The study involved 1000 cancer patients from 13 European countries. Patients were screened for breakthrough pain using a recommended diagnostic algorithm and then questioned about the characteristics and management of their pain. RESULTS Of the 1000 patients, 44% reported incident pain, 41.5% spontaneous pain, and 14.5% a combination. The median number of episodes was three a day. The median time to peak intensity was 10 minutes, with the median for patients with incident pain being five minutes (P < 0.001). The median duration of untreated episodes was 60 minutes, with the median for patients with incident pain being 45 minutes (P = 0.001). Eight hundred six patients stated that pain stopped them doing something, 66 that it sometimes stopped them doing something, and only 107 that it did not interfere with their activities. Patients with incident pain reported more interference with walking ability and normal work, whereas patients with spontaneous pain reported more interference with mood and sleep. As well, 65.5% of patients could identify an intervention that improved their pain (29.5%, pharmacological; 23%, nonpharmacological; 12%, combination). Regarding medications, 980 patients were receiving an opioid to treat their pain, although only 191 patients were receiving a transmucosal fentanyl product licensed for the treatment of breakthrough pain. CONCLUSION Breakthrough cancer pain is an extremely heterogeneous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Davies
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Jandhyala R, Fullarton JR, Bennett MI. Efficacy of rapid-onset oral fentanyl formulations vs. oral morphine for cancer-related breakthrough pain: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 2013; 46:573-80. [PMID: 23380337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) is widely recognized as a clinically significant complication of chronic cancer pain. With most BTcP episodes peaking in intensity within a few minutes and lasting for approximately 30 minutes, speed of onset is crucial for effective pain management. Although the last decade has seen the development of a number of rapid-onset fentanyl preparations, BTcP is still typically managed by supplemental or rescue doses of the patient's around-the-clock medication, such as oral morphine. Importantly, although the fentanyl preparations, such as fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT), sublingual fentanyl citrate orally disintegrating tablet (ODT), and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate lozenge (OTFC), have all been proven to be efficacious in clinical studies, oral morphine has never been specifically tested in BTcP, other than as a comparator in studies of OTFC and fentanyl pectin nasal spray. OBJECTIVES To determine the relative contributions to pain relief from oral morphine and the fentanyl preparations using placebo as a common comparator. METHODS Relevant studies were identified by review of the literature and used in a mixed-treatment meta-analysis to indirectly compare fentanyl preparations, morphine, and placebo for the treatment of BTcP. RESULTS Analysis incorporating the five relevant studies identified revealed that although the fentanyl preparations provide superior pain relief vs. placebo in the first 30 minutes after dosing (FBT provided an 83% probability of superior pain relief, ODT 66%, and OTFC 73% vs. placebo), oral morphine performed little better than placebo (56% probability). CONCLUSION This mixed-treatment analysis suggests that FBT, ODT, and OTFC might provide more efficacious treatment options than oral morphine for BTcP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jandhyala
- Cephalon UK, Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Mercadante S, Valle A, Porzio G, Aielli F, Adile C, Ficorella C, Raineri M, Giarratano A, Casuccio A. Relationship between background cancer pain, breakthrough pain, and analgesic treatment: a preliminary study for a better interpretation of epidemiological and clinical studies. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29:667-71. [PMID: 23551065 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2013.792247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The different operational definitions of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) has generated unclear epidemiological data. METHODS A consecutive sample of patients was categorized on the basis of their background pain intensity, background analgesic treatment, and the presence of BTcP. RESULTS A total of 265 patients were surveyed; 117 patients had background pain and 91 patients presented peaks of pain intensity distinguishable from background pain. Of 117 patients with background pain, 49 patients were re-assessed after optimization of background analgesia (T1) within a mean of 8.2 days. Pain intensity significantly decreased in comparison with values recorded at admission (p < 0.0005); 75.5% of these patients had BTcP episodes, with a significant decrease in the number BTcP episodes in comparison with T0 (p < 0.0005). The mean BTcP intensity was significantly lower in comparison with T0 (p < 0.0005). Finally, the mean duration of untreated BTcP episodes decreased significantly in comparison with T0 (p = 0.016). After optimization of analgesic therapy, most patients with moderate or severe background pain receiving opioids for moderate pain, patients with moderate or severe pain receiving strong opioids, and patients with moderate or severe pain receiving no opioids moved to the group of patients with mild pain receiving strong opioids. The difference was significant (p = 0.022). CONCLUSION Patients having good pain control after optimization of the analgesic regimen may have a decrease in number, intensity, and duration of BTcP, although the general prevalence of BTcP remains unchanged.
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Gatti A, Gentili M, Iorno V, Mammucari M, Tufaro G, Lazzari M, Sabato AF. Beyond the traditional definition of breakthrough pain: an observational study. Adv Ther 2013; 30:298-305. [PMID: 23444055 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-013-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breakthrough pain (BTP) is traditionally defined as a transitory pain flare in opioid-treated patients with chronic background pain. This definition has, however, been challenged in recent years. This study aimed to analyze BTP prevalence in different pain conditions. METHODS This was a prospective, non-interventional, observational study conducted from June to September 2011 in two Italian pain treatment reference centres. Consecutive patients aged >18 years with oncological or non-oncological pain were eligible for this study; background pain was acute/ subacute (<3 months) or chronic (>3 months). The characteristics of pain were evaluated by means of a structured interview by physicians, and patients were asked to complete a dedicated clinical study form. The following outcomes were assessed: chronic pain duration (in patients with chronic pain), BTP prevalence, and number and severity of daily BTP episodes. All outcomes were assessed in four populations of patients with: (a) chronic oncological pain; (b) chronic non-oncological pain; (c) non-chronic oncological pain; (d) non-chronic non-oncological pain. The correlation between BTP and gender was also investigated. RESULTS Of 1,270 patients with chronic pain, 1,086 had non-oncological pain (85.5%). Most patients (68.6%) with non-oncological pain were female (P = 0.001). Pain duration was significantly longer in non-oncological pain versus oncological pain groups (P = 0.002). BTP prevalence was lower in non-oncological patients (P < 0.001). No differences were reported in terms of number and severity of daily BTP episodes. BTP was more frequent in females with non-oncological pain (P = 0.04). Females had a significantly higher pain severity (P = 0.02) than males. CONCLUSION BTP is frequently reported in patients who do not have BTP according to the traditional definition. BTP frequency and severity is similar in oncological and non-oncological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gatti
- Emergency Care, Critical Care Medicine, Pain Medicine and Anesthesiology Department, Tor Vergata Polyclinic, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Tshibuyl PN, Olang POR, Ogutu O, Chokwe TM. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF TWO REGIMENS OF SINGLE- SHOT SPINAL BLOCK FOR PAIN RELIEF IN WOMEN PRESENTING IN ESTABLISHED LABOUR. East Afr Med J 2013; 90:12-18. [PMID: 26862625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most women experience moderate to severe pain during labour and delivery, often requiring some form of pharmacologic analgesia. The lack of proper psychological preparation combined with fear and anxiety can greatly enhance the patient's sensitivity to pain and further add to the discomfort. Skillfully conducted obstetric analgesia, in addition to relieving pain and anxiety, may benefit the mother by increasing self esteem and improving bonding with the baby. OBJECTIVE To assess and compare the satisfaction and efficacy of two regimens of single-shot spinal blocks for the relief of labor pain in women who present in active phase of labour. DESIGN A prospective randomised single-blind observational study SETTING Labour ward of Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. SUBJECTS All consenting primiparous women presenting in active phase of labor with uncomplicated singleton pregnancy at term (> 37 weeks) and in cephalic presentation, who reported a > 70 mm VAS (Visual Analog Scale) pain score at cervical dilatation ≥ 5 cm at the time of request for labour analgesia. RESULTS Effective labour analgesia lasting up to 120 minutes was observed in the fentanyl-bupivacaine group but with high incidence of breakthrough pain. The fentanyl-bupivacaine-morphine group had labour analgesia lasting up to 180 minutes or even more with a lower incidence of breakthrough pain. The one-minute and five- minute Apgar scores in the morphine group were significantly lower (p = 0.026 and 0.044 respectively) than in the fentanyl group but the difference in neonatal outcome had no clinical significance, and there were no significant differences in adverse effects, sensory levels, and motor power between the two groups. CONCLUSION Effective analgesia for about 120 minutes was observed in the fentanyl-bupivacaine group with high incidence of breakthrough pain while the fentanyl-bupivacaine-morphine group had labour analgesia prolonged up to more than three hours. The difference in fetal outcome had no clinical significance for the morphine group, and there were no significant difference in adverse effect, sensory levels, and motorpowerbetween the two groups. These findings show that intrathecal analgesia is safe and the use of the combination of fentanyl-bupivacaine-morphine gives adequate and safe analgesia during labour and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Tshibuyl
- Department of Surgery, Omondi Ogutu, Nairobi, Kenya
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Caraceni A, Bertetto O, Labianca R, Maltoni M, Mercadante S, Varrassi G, Zaninetta G, Zucco F, Bagnasco M, Lanata L, De Conno F. Episodic (breakthrough) pain prevalence in a population of cancer pain patients. Comparison of clinical diagnoses with the QUDEI--Italian questionnaire for intense episodic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 43:833-41. [PMID: 22560355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Breakthrough/episodic pain (BP-EP) diagnosis is often based on clinical experience, and different opinions exist, even among palliative care clinicians, about its definition and application to clinical practice. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical characteristics of BP-EP in an unselected Italian population of patients with cancer-related chronic pain, based on clinical diagnosis and on the use of an assessment tool, the Questionnaire for Intense Episodic Pain (QUDEI). METHODS A cross-sectional multicenter prevalence study of 240 consecutive cancer pain patients was carried out. The physicians participating in the study attended a training session aimed at defining and recognizing BP-EP. The QUDEI, a screening and assessment tool based on patient interview, diagnosed the presence of BP-EP in patients regularly taking analgesics for the previous three days and who had at least one pain flare in the previous 24 hours. Clinical evaluation and questionnaire application were carried out by different health care providers. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of BP-EP was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 67%, 79%) when the diagnosis was made by physicians and 66% (95% CI = 60%, 72%) when the QUDEI was applied (86% agreement). When only patients with baseline pain less than or equal to six were included in the analysis, the above prevalences decreased to 67% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSION Because BP-EP is a significant phenomenon in cancer pain management, its appropriate recognition requires a more widely, internationally accepted general definition and specific validated tools for its screening and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Caraceni
- Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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