[Application of a new terminology "BRUE: Brief, resolved and unexplained events". Definitions and recommendations]

Three decades ago, the term Apparent Life-Threatening Events (ALTE) was proposed and was gra dually incorporated into the clinical approach of these patients, allowing to determine risks, attribute causes, and perform specific treatments. However, this led to studies and hospitalizations considered unnecessary in many cases, increasing health costs. For this reason, the concept of Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUE) was created, in order to reduce the subjectivity of the event and focus a management strategy according to the risk determination. This article analyzes the differences bet ween ALTE and BRUE according to international and Chilean consensus, deepening the approach and incorporating relevant considerations for the daily clinical practice with infants who present a BRUE.

Effect of a standardized approach on infants hospitalized for apparent life threatening events

Introduction: An apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) is a frequent cause of hospitalization in infants. However, there is little evidence about the existence of a standardized approach to discover the main etiology, although a correct causal diagnosis can affect clinical evolution, hospital stay, and health resources. Objective: To determine the effects of a standardized diagnostic approach in infants admitted with ALTE. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with the data collected from clinical records of infants hospitalized for ALTE in the pediatric unit between 2002 and 2009. Two cohorts of patients were analyzed according to the procedures defined for these cases: Cohort 1 with clinical guidelines and cohort 2 with clinical guidelines, study protocol, and outpatient follow-up. Etiological causes, hospitalization periods and readmission rates were compared between both cohorts. Results: Of the 255 infants hospitalized for ALTE, 57.6% corresponded to cohort 1 and 42.3% to cohort 2. No differences were observed in age and gender between groups. The highest percentage of attributed causes (63.9 vs 87.0%; p<0.0001) and a shorter period of hospitalization (8.0 vs 5.0 days; p=0, 0001) were observed in cohort 2. No differences in hospital readmission were observed (10.5 vs 8.3 days; p=0.7435). Conclusions: The protocol-based approach for infants with EAL was associated with a higher percentage of recognition of attributed causes and a shorter hospitalization period. Therefore, our results allow recommending this type of standardization for the management of these patients.

[The role of complementary examinations and home monitoring in patient at risk from apparent life threatening event, apneas and sudden infant death syndrome]

INTRODUCTION

Home apnea monitors detect abnormalities in cardiac and respiratory frequency, but their use in the diagnosis of respiratory -related sleep disturbances in children has not been demonstrated, as was originally thought.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the type of patients being monitored, for how long and their outcome.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on patients with controlled home cardiorespiratory monitoring from October 2008 to September 2012 in the Outpatient department of a Maternity tertiary hospital.

RESULTS

During the study period 88 patients were included, 58% of them were male, with a median age of 15.5 days, and followed up for a period of 4.7 months. The reason for monitoring was in a 20.5% due to a history of sudden death without finding underlying pathology in 20.5%, 25% due to apnea of prematurity, 20.5% due to apparent life-threatening event, and 14.8% due to choking. Other causes accounted for 19.3% (apnea/hypopnea, desaturation and periodic breathing). Of these last three groups, pathological events were observed in 50% of them: reflux disease (9), apnea of prematurity (2), neurological causes (3), and apnea of unknown cause (10).

CONCLUSIONS

Suspected infant apnea is a cause for consultation that creates a great deal of concern to the family and the pediatrician. Home monitoring is useful in detecting changes in cardiac and respiratory frequency, but is necessary to limit its indications and ensure proper monitoring of these patients, avoiding the abuse of other tests or treatments.

Esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH testing in the study of apparent life threatening episode incidents in infants

INTRODUCTION

The conventional 24-hour pH monitoring is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER), a possible cause of Apparent Life Threatening Episodes (ALTE). However, multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) may provide advantages.

OBJECTIVES

Comparison of the results of MII and pH monitoring in patients undergoing MII-pH monitoring in the 3-year study period because of having suffered from ALTE.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Prospective study of MII-pH monitoring performed in our unit to infants < 12 months of ageadmitted for ALTE for a 3-year period.

RESULTS

Thirty nine patients studied. 2,692 pH monitoring episodes, with median of 24 (IQ: 15-44) episodes/patient, 1.30 (IQ: 0.80-2.60) reflux/hour, 1 (IQ: 0-4) reflux episode > 5 min per patient and clearance of 1.20 (IQ: 0.70-2.20) min/reflux. With pH monitoring analysis, 14 children (35.9 %) could have been diagnosed as GER (8 mild, 4 moderate and 2 severe) based on the classical criteria. MII identified a total of 8,895 events; only 3,219 among them were refluxes, with a median of 75 (IQ: 54-111) per patient, 1.30 (IQ: 1.3-2.6) episodes/hour). With MII-pH monitoring combination there were 21.60 (SD 15.21) acid reflux episodes, 67.33 weekly acid (SD 32.09) and 3.34 (SD 7.23) non-acid, being finally diagnosed 33 patients as GER.

CONCLUSIONS

The association of pH monitoring and MII provides additional information that improves GER diagnostic performance without posing any additional risk to the infant patient. The non-acid/weekly acid refluxes, not detected by pH monitoring, account for a high percentage of episodes, this may have diagnostic and therapeutic significance, especially in infants. Further studies are needed to assess the normality of MMI in pediatric patients.