CXCL10 mediates breast cancer tamoxifen resistance and promotes estrogen-dependent and independent proliferation

Although 70% of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients can benefit from tamoxifen therapy, the rapid development of tamoxifen resistance hampers the treatment advantage. In this investigation, we found that the serum level of CXCL10 in breast cancer patients was positively correlated with tumor size and ER status. Furthermore, GSE22220 dataset analysis demonstrated that CXCL10 expression in the tumor was correlated with tumor grade and lymphatic metastasis status, and Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with high CXCL10 expression had a poor prognosis. Estrogen-deprived MCF7 cells were transfected with CXCL10 luciferase reporter plasmid and treated with 10 nM estrogen. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that CXCL10 was regulated by estrogen. CXCL10 promoted the proliferation of both parental MCF7 cells and tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) MCF7 cells through the AKT pathway, while CXCL10 inhibition restored the sensitivity of TamR cells to tamoxifen. All of these data indicate that CXCL10 could be utilized as a biomarker to predict the prognosis of breast cancer and as a therapeutic target to treat tamoxifen resistant cases.

A Protective Function of IL-22BP in Ischemia Reperfusion and Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury

Acute liver injury can be secondary to a variety of causes, including infections, intoxication, and ischemia. All of these insults induce hepatocyte death and subsequent inflammation, which can make acute liver injury a life-threatening event. IL-22 is a dual natured cytokine which has context-dependent protective and pathogenic properties during tissue damage. Accordingly, IL-22 was shown to promote liver regeneration upon acute liver damage. However, other studies suggest pathogenic properties of IL-22 during chronic liver injury. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP, IL-22Ra2) is a soluble inhibitor of IL-22 that regulates IL-22 activity. However, the significance of endogenous IL-22BP in acute liver injury is unknown. We hypothesized that IL-22BP may play a role in acute liver injury. To test this hypothesis, we used Il22bp-deficient mice and murine models of acute liver damage induced by ischemia reperfusion and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) administration. We found that Il22bp-deficient mice were more susceptible to acute liver damage in both models. We used Il22 × Il22bp double-deficient mice to show that this effect is indeed due to uncontrolled IL-22 activity. We could demonstrate mechanistically increased expression of Cxcl10 by hepatocytes, and consequently increased infiltration of inflammatory CD11b+Ly6C+ monocytes into the liver in Il22bp-deficient mice upon liver damage. Accordingly, neutralization of CXCL10 reversed the increased disease susceptibility of Il22bp-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that IL-22BP plays a protective role in acute liver damage, via controlling IL-22-induced Cxcl10 expression.

Keratinocyte-Derived Chemokines Orchestrate T-Cell Positioning in the Epidermis during Vitiligo and May Serve as Biomarkers of Disease

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin that results in the destruction of melanocytes and the clinical appearance of white spots. Disease pathogenesis depends on IFN-γ and IFN-γ-induced chemokines to promote T-cell recruitment to the epidermis where melanocytes reside. The skin is a complex organ, with a variety of resident cell types. We sought to better define the microenvironment and distinct cellular contributions during autoimmunity in vitiligo, and we found that the epidermis is a chemokine-high niche in both a mouse model and human vitiligo. Analysis of chemokine expression in mouse skin showed that CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression strongly correlate with disease activity, whereas CXCL10 alone correlates with severity, supporting them as potential biomarkers for following disease progression. Further studies in both our mouse model and human patients showed that keratinocytes were the major chemokine producers throughout the course of disease, and functional studies using a conditional signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 knockout mouse showed that IFN-γ signaling in keratinocytes was critical for disease progression and proper autoreactive T-cell homing to the epidermis. In contrast, epidermal immune cell populations including endogenous T cells, Langerhans cells, and γδ T cells were not required. These results have important clinical implications, because topical therapies that target IFN-γ signaling in keratinocytes could be safe and effective new treatments, and skin expression of these chemokines could be used to monitor disease activity and treatment responses.

Engraftment of Human Glioblastoma Cells in Immunocompetent Rats through Acquired Immunosuppression

Transplantation of glioblastoma patient biopsy spheroids to the brain of T cell-compromised Rowett (nude) rats has been established as a representative animal model for human GBMs, with a tumor take rate close to 100%. In immunocompetent littermates however, primary human GBM tissue is invariably rejected. Here we show that after repeated passaging cycles in nude rats, human GBM spheroids are enabled to grow in the brain of immunocompetent rats. In case of engraftment, xenografts in immunocompetent rats grow progressively and host leukocytes fail to enter the tumor bed, similar to what is seen in nude animals. In contrast, rejection is associated with massive infiltration of the tumor bed by leukocytes, predominantly ED1+ microglia/macrophages, CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ effector cells, and correlates with elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α. We observed that in nude rat brains, an adaptation to the host occurs after several in vivo passaging cycles, characterized by striking attenuation of microglial infiltration. Furthermore, tumor-derived chemokines that promote leukocyte migration and their entry into the CNS such as CXCL-10 and CXCL-12 are down-regulated, and the levels of TGF-β2 increase. We propose that through serial in vivo passaging in nude rats, human GBM cells learn to avoid and or/ suppress host immunity. Such adapted GBM cells are in turn able to engraft in immunocompetent rats without signs of an inflammatory response.

[Roles of CXCR3 on lymphocytes and IP-10 of peripheral blood in infants with bronchiolitis]

OBJECTIVE

To study the roles of chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) on lymphocytes and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) of peripheral blood in childhood bronchiolitis.

METHODS

Fifty-five children with bronchiolitis were classified into Group I (with allergic factors) and Group II (without allergic factors). Twenty-eight children with noninfectious diseases were enrolled randomly as the control group. The expression of CXCR3 (CD183 as its molecular marker) on lymphocytes of peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry. Serum IP-10 level was measured using ELISA.

RESULTS

The expression of CD183(+) cells on CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in peripheral blood in children with bronchiolitis from both Group I and Group II was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and Group I had higher expression of CD183(+) cells on CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes than Group II (P<0.05).Serum IP-10 levels in Group I and Group II were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in serum IP-10 levels between Group I and Group II.

CONCLUSIONS

CXCR3 and IP-10 are involved in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis, and CXCR3 is associated with allergic factors.

Interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α sustain secretion of specific CXC chemokines in human thyrocytes: a first step toward a differentiation between autoimmune and tumor-related inflammation?

CONTEXT

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines responsible for the attraction and recruitment of different cell types during leukocyte infiltration, the histopathological hallmark of autoimmunity. Previous data demonstrate that thyrocytes secrete CXC chemokines, particularly CXCL8 and CXCL10. However, the physiopathological significance of such secretion and the effects of a combination of proinflammatory stimuli in terms of preferential CXCL8 and CXCL10 release remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the secretion of chemokines by human thyrocytes is a generalized inflammatory response or whether it is dependent upon specific proinflammatory stimuli.

METHODS

CXCL8 and CXCL10 were measured in supernatants of human thyrocytes in primary cultures basally and after 24 h stimulation with interferon-γ (IFNγ) (1000 U/ml) and TNFα (10 ng/ml), alone or in combination.

RESULTS

CXCL8 but not CXCL10 was detected in basal conditions. The two chemokines showed differences in their response to proinflammatory cytokines. Indeed, significant secretion of CXCL10 was induced by IFNγ (P < 0.01) and not TNFα, whereas CXCL8 was secreted in response to TNFα (P < 0.01) being inhibited by IFNγ (P < 0.01). The combination of TNFα plus IFNγ synergistically increased the IFNγ-induced CXCL10 secretion (P < 0.01) and reversed the TNFα-induced CXCL8 secretion (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

These results confirm that human thyrocytes secrete CXC chemokines and demonstrate that the secretion of CXCL8 and CXCL10 is sustained by specific proinflammatory cytokines or their combination, which ultimately determines the nature of the infiltrating lymphocytes in human thyroid diseases. These results indirectly support a major role for CXCL10 in thyroid autoimmunity whereas CXCL8 might be involved in tumor-related inflammation.

Significant pathways detection in osteoporosis based on the bibliometric network

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis is a significant public health issue worldwide. The underlying mechanism of osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. However, the exact pathology is still unclear, and more related genes are on demand.

AIM

Here, we aim to identify the differentially expressed genes in osteoporosis patients and control.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Biblio-MetReS, a tool to reconstruct gene and protein networks from automated literature analysis, was used for identifying potential interactions among target genes. Relevant signaling pathways were also identified through pathway enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

Our results showed that 56 differentially expressed genes were identified. Of them, STAT1, CXCL10, SOCS3, ADM, THBS1, SOD2, and ERG2 have been demonstrated involving in osteoporosis. Further, a bibliometric network was constructed between DEGs and other genes through the Biblio-MetReS.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that STAT1 could interact with CXCL10 through Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and Chemokine signaling pathway. STAT1 interacted with SOCS3 through JAK/STAT pathway.

The role of interferon-γ inducible protein-10 in a mouse model of acute liver injury post induced pluripotent stem cells transplantation

Background

Liver injuries are important medical problems that require effective therapy. Stem cell or hepatocyte transplantation has the potential to restore function of the damaged liver and ameliorate injury. However, the regulatory factors crucial for the repair and regeneration after cell transplantation have not been fully characterized. Our study investigated the effects and the expression of the regulatory factors in mouse models of acute liver injury either transplanted with the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) or the hepatocytes that differentiated from iPS cells (iHL).

Methods/Principal Findings

Mice received CCl₄ injection and were randomized to receive vehicle, iPS, or iHL transfusions vial tail veins and were observed for 24, 48 or 72 hours. The group of mice with iPS transplantation performed better than the group of mice receiving iHL in reducing the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and liver necrosis areas at 24 hours after CCl₄ injury. Moreover, iPS significantly increased the numbers of proliferating hepatocytes at 48 hours. Cytokine array identified that chemokine IP-10 could be the potential regulatory factor that ameliorates liver injury. Further studies revealed that iPS secreted IP-10 in vitro and transfusion of iPS increased IP-10 protein and mRNA expressions in the injured livers in vivo. The primary hepatocytes and non-parenchyma cells were isolated from normal and injured livers. Hepatocytes from injured livers that received iPS treatment expressed more IP-10 mRNA than their non-hepatocyte counter-parts. In addition, animal studies revealed that administration of recombinant IP-10 (rIP-10) effectively reduced liver injuries while IP-10-neutralizing antibody attenuated the protective effects of iPS and decreased hepatocyte proliferation. Both iPS and rIP-10 significantly reduced the 72-hour mortality rate in mice that received multiple CCl₄-injuries.

Conclusions/Significance

These findings suggested that IP-10 may have an important regulatory role in facilitating the repair and regeneration of injured liver after iPS transplantation.

CXCL10 is critical for the generation of protective CD8 T cell response induced by antigen pulsed CpG-ODN activated dendritic cells

The visceral form of leishmaniasis is the most severe form of the disease and of particular concern due to the emerging problem of HIV/visceral leishmaniasis (VL) co-infection in the tropics. Till date miltefosine, amphotericin B and pentavalent antimony compounds remain the main treatment regimens for leishmaniasis. However, because of severe side effects, there is an urgent need for alternative improved therapies to combat this dreaded disease. In the present study, we have used the murine model of leishmaniasis to evaluate the potential role played by soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA) pulsed-CpG-ODN stimulated dendritic cells (SLA-CpG-DCs) in restricting the intracellular leishmanial growth. We found that mice vaccinated with a single dose of SLA-pulsed DC stimulated by CpG-ODN were protected against a subsequent leishmanial challenge and had a dramatic reduction in parasite burden along with the generation of parasite specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the induction of protective immunity conferred by SLA-CpG-DCs depends entirely on the CXC chemokine IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10; IP-10). CXCL10 is directly involved in the generation of a parasite specific CD8⁺ T cell-mediated immune response. We observed significant reduction of CD8⁺ T cells in mice depleted of CXCL10 suggesting a direct role of CXCL10 in the generation of CD8⁺ T cells in SLA-CpG-DCs vaccinated mice. CXCL10 also contributed towards the generation of perforin and granzyme B, two important cytolytic mediators of CD8⁺ T cells, following SLA-CpG-DCs vaccination. Together, these findings strongly demonstrate that CXCL10 is critical for rendering a protective cellular immunity during SLA-CpG-DC vaccination that confers protection against Leishmania donovani infection.

[Changes to IFN-γ and IP-10 in the arterial blood of premature infants before and after mechanical ventilation]

OBJECTIVE

This study examined changes to pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and chemokine IP-10 in the arterial blood of premature infants before and after mechanical ventilation, with the aim of exploring possible mechanisms of ventilation-induced lung injury.

METHODS

Twenty-three neonates requiring mechanical ventilation were enrolled in this study. Arterial blood samples were collected for measuring IFN-γ and IP-10 levels using ELISA before and 4 hours after mechanical ventilation.

RESULTS

Blood IFN-γ and IP-10 increased significantly from 59 ± 40 pg/mL and 130 ± 67 pg/mL respectively before mechanical ventilation to 105 ± 54 pg/mL and 220 ± 80 pg/mL respectively after 4 hours of mechanical ventilation (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Serum IFN-γ and IP-10 levels increase after mechanical ventilation, suggesting that both may participate in the immune-inflammatory process of ventilation-induced lung injury.

Regulation of CCL5 expression in smooth muscle cells following arterial injury

Chemokines play a crucial role in inflammation and in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis by recruiting inflammatory immune cells to the endothelium. Chemokine CCL5 has been shown to be involved in atherosclerosis progression. However, little is known about how CCL5 is regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study we report that CCL5 mRNA expression was induced and peaked in aorta at day 7 and then declined after balloon artery injury, whereas IP-10 and MCP-1 mRNA expression were induced and peaked at day 3 and then rapidly declined.

The expression of CCL5 receptors (CCR1, 3 & 5) were also rapidly induced and then declined except CCR5 which expression was still relatively high at day 14 after balloon injury. In rat smooth muscle cells (SMCs), similar as in aorta CCL5 mRNA expression was induced and kept increasing after LPS plus IFN-gamma stimulation, whereas IP-10 mRNA expression was rapidly induced and then declined. Our data further indicate that induction of CCL5 expression in SMCs was mediated by IRF-1 via binding to the IRF-1 response element in CCL5 promoter. Moreover, p38 MAPK was involved in suppression of CCL5 and IP-10 expression in SMCs through common upstream molecule MKK3. The downstream molecule MK2 was required for p38-mediated CCL5 but not IP-10 inhibition. Our findings indicate that CCL5 induction in aorta and SMCs is mediated by IRF-1 while activation of p38 MAPK signaling inhibits CCL5 and IP-10 expression. Methods targeting MK2 expression could be used to selectively regulate CCL5 but not IP-10 expression in SMCs.

CCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11 chemokines in patients with active and stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

Chemokines are involved in the migration of inflammatory cells to the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of our study was to estimate the concentrations of CCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients during both relapse and stable disease, and to compare the results with those of controls. We also decided to evaluate the effect of methylprednisolone (MP) therapy on CCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11 serum concentrations in MS patients with relapse.

METHODS

The study groups consisted of 17 RRMS patients during relapse, 30 RRMS patients in remission and 25 patients with tension headache with no symptoms of inflammatory disease as controls. In the group of relapsing MS patients, blood samples were obtained before steroid therapy and after a 5-day treatment with MP at a dose of 1 g i.v. once daily. Chemokine levels were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in the CSF of MS patients both during relapse (mean ± SD, 298.2 ± 143.8 pg/ml) and stable disease (323.7 ± 183 pg/ml) in comparison with the control group (152.4 ± 97.7 pg/ml; p < 0.001). CSF levels of CCL5 were significantly higher in relapsing MS patients (8.74 ± 6.18 pg/ml) in comparison with stable MS patients (4.4 ± 3.9 pg/ml, p = 0.005). CXCL11 levels of MS patients did not significantly differ from control values. There was no effect of MP therapy on serum levels of CCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations suggest involvement of CXCL10 and CCL5 but not CXCL11 in the pathogenesis of MS. CCL5 may induce the recruitment of inflammatory cells in acute-stage MS.

CXCL10- a path to β-cell death

The ability of the β-cells to control blood glucose levels depends on their function and mass. In both, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus the main processes leading to β-cell failure are apoptosis and loss of function. Many studies demonstrate how cytokines and chemokines have an active role in triggering the immune-response against the β-cell population. In a recent study we have identified that the chemokine CXCL10 may play an active role in triggering β-cell destruction.  We have identified the Toll like receptor 4 as the receptor for CXCL10 and as new pathway for the induction of β-cell apoptosis. Our findings may open new therapeutic approaches to fight onset and progression of the disease.

The roles of chemokines in rabies virus infection: overexpression may not always be beneficial

It was found previously that induction of innate immunity, particularly chemokines, is an important mechanism of rabies virus (RABV) attenuation. To evaluate the effect of overexpression of chemokines on RABV infection, chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), RANTES, and IP-10 were individually cloned into the genome of attenuated RABV strain HEP-Flury. These recombinant RABVs were characterized in vitro for growth properties and expression of chemokines. It was found that all the recombinant viruses grew as well as the parent virus, and each of the viruses expressed the intended chemokine in a dose-dependent manner. When these viruses were evaluated for pathogenicity in the mouse model, it was found that overexpression of MIP-1alpha further decreased RABV pathogenicity by inducing a transient innate immune response. In contrast, overexpression of RANTES or IP-10 increased RABV pathogenicity by causing neurological diseases, which is due to persistent and high-level expression of chemokines, excessive infiltration and accumulation of inflammatory cells in the central nervous system, and severe enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability. These studies indicate that overexpression of chemokines, although important in controlling virus infection, may not always be beneficial to the host.

Therapeutic targets in the podocyte: findings in anti-slit diaphragm antibody-induced nephropathy

Recent studies have demonstrated that the slit diaphragm of the glomerular epithelial cell (podocyte) is the structure likely to be the barrier in the glomerular capillary wall. Murine monoclonal antibody against nephrin, a molecule constituting the extracellular site of the slit diaphragm, caused severe proteinuria if injected into rats, in a complement- or inflammatory cell-independent manner. In this proteinuric state, not only nephrin but also other slit diaphragm-associated molecules are down-regulated. These observations suggest that the antibody alters the molecular composition of the slit diaphragm and, thereby, affects the glomerular permeability barrier. Recently, it was found that IP-10, SV2B, ephrin B1 and the receptors of angiotensin II were expressed in the podocyte, and that their expressions were clearly altered in anti-nephrin antibody-induced nephropathy. It is conceivable that these molecules are involved in the development of proteinuria in this model. IP-10 is assumed to play a role in maintaining the slit diaphragm function by regulating the cell cycle balance of the podocyte. SV2B and ephrin B1 play pivotal roles in the proper localization of the slit diaphragm component. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated action enhanced the expression of nephrin. We propose that these molecules could be novel therapeutic targets for proteinuria.

Chemerin and the recruitment of NK cells to diseased skin

Natural killer (NK) cells play a major role in the initial control of many viral pathogens and in the rejection of tumors. Consistent with their roles as immune sentinels, NK cells are found in inflamed skin, including lichen planus, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) lesions. In oral lichen planus lesions, the recruitment as well as intradermal colocalization of NK cells and pDC (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) appear to be mediated by chemerin, a recently identified protein ligand for chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), a chemoattractant receptor expressed by both cell types. Dendritic cells can regulate NK cell activity, and NK cells can regulate DC-mediated responses. Since chemerin was recently implicated in recruitment of pDC to psoriatic skin, in this work we determined whether chemerin facilitates interactions between NK and pDC in psoriatic plaques through controlling influx of NK cells to diseased skin. We demonstrate that circulating NK cells from normal donors as well as psoriasis and AD patients respond similarly in functional migration assays to chemerin. However, differences in the distribution of NK cells and pDC in skin lesions suggest that recruitment of both NK cells and pDC is unlikely to be controlled solely by chemerin.

Intrahepatic levels of CXCR3-associated chemokines correlate with liver inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C

Chemokines, chemotactic cytokines, may promote hepatic inflammation in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through the recruitment of lymphocytes to the liver parenchyma. We evaluated the association between inflammation and fibrosis and CXCR3-associated chemokines, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig/CXCL9), and interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC/CXCL11), in HCV infection. Intrahepatic mRNA expression of these chemokines was analyzed in 106 chronic HCV-infected patients by real-time PCR. The intrahepatic localization of chemokine producer cells and CXCR3(+) lymphocytes was determined in selected patients by immunohistochemistry. We found elevated intrahepatic mRNA expression of all three chemokines, most markedly CXCL10, in chronic HCV-infected patients with higher necroinflammation and fibrosis. By multivariable multivariate analysis, intrahepatic CXCL10 mRNA expression levels were significantly associated with lobular necroinflammatory grade and HCV genotype 1. In the lobular region, CXCL10-expressing and CXCL9-expressing hepatocytes predominated in areas with necroinflammation. Strong CXCL11 expression was observed in almost all portal tracts, whereas CXCL9 expression varied considerably among portal tracts in the same individual. Most intrahepatic lymphocytes express the CXCR3 receptor, and the number of CXCR3(+) lymphocytes was increased in patients with advanced necroinflammation.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the CXCR3-associated chemokines, particularly CXCL10, may play an important role in the development of necroinflammation and fibrosis in the liver parenchyma in chronic HCV infection.

Close resemblance between chemokine receptor expression profiles of lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes and their normal counterparts in association with elevated serum concentrations of IP-10 and MIG

T-cell large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia and chronic natural killer (NK) cell lymphocytosis (CNKL) are major subtypes of lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes (LDGL). To clarify the mechanism of LGL proliferation and the relationship with the chemokine system in LDGL, we enrolled 22 T-LGL leukemia patients and 8 CNKL cases, analyzed the expression profiles of chemokine receptors, and measured the serum concentrations of the corresponding chemokines. There were no significant differences in chemokine receptor expression profiles between T-LGL leukemia patients and healthy donors. An association of CCR5 and CXCR3 expression levels on LGLs was recognized in T-LGL leukemia patients (r = 0.84; P < .001). Among the chemokines, serum IP-10 and MIG levels were significantly higher in LDGL patients than in healthy donors (P < .05, and P < .001, respectively), and MIG expression was associated with the number of circulating LGLs (r = 0.73; P < .01). The chemokine receptor phenotypes of LDGL cells are essentially similar to those of normal T-cells and NK cells. The roles of IP-10 and MIG in the pathophysiology of LDGL need further examination.