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Wang S, Liu Y, Cai H, Li Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Sun R, Fang S, Yu B. Decreased risk of all-cause and heart-specific mortality is associated with low-fat or skimmed milk consumption compared with whole milk intake: A cohort study. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5568-5575. [PMID: 34656953 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND&AIMS It is controversial to preferentially choose low-fat milk or full-fat items. This study aimed to investigate the association of total and cause-specific mortality with 2 g/100 g or ≤ 1 g/100 g low-fat milk consumption compared with whole milk in general population. METHODS Overall, 29,283 adults aged ≥20 years from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2014 were recruited with a median follow-up of 8.3 years. The types of milk consumption at baseline (e.g., whole-fat, 2 g/100 g low-fat, and ≤1 g/100 g low-fat) were reported during in-house interviews. Hazard ratios for the associations between milk types and mortality were assessed with the weighted Cox proportional regression. RESULTS During 241,572 person-years of follow-up, 4170 deaths occurred including 730 heart disease-related deaths and 846 cancer deaths. Consumption of milk contained lower fat exhibited an inverse association with total and cardiovascular mortality after multivariable adjustment. Compared with participants consuming whole-fat milk, those consuming 2 g/100 g or ≤1 g/100 g low-fat milk had a 14%-22% decrease in total mortality (p trend ≤0.001). Individuals consuming 2 g/100 g and ≤1 g/100 g low-fat milk had hazard ratios (95%CI) of 0.73 (0.55-0.97) and 0.67 (0.49-0.91) for heart-related mortality (p trend = 0.009). No significant difference was noted between whole-fat and lower-fat milk for mortality due to cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or diabetes mellitus. A similar trend was noted in the stratification and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Compared with whole milk, low-fat or skim milk intake was associated with reduced total and heart-related mortality. Low-fat milk may be more conducive than whole milk for promoting cardiovascular health in general adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yige Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Hengxuan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Statistics, School of Statistics and Mathematics, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Shaohong Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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