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Fang S, Shen H, Wang J, Tay FPL, Liu DX. Functional and genetic studies of the substrate specificity of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus 3C-like proteinase. J Virol 2010; 84:7325-36. [PMID: 20444893 PMCID: PMC2898227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02490-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro), located in nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5), processes the replicase polyproteins 1a and 1ab (pp1a and pp1ab) at 11 specific sites to produce 12 mature nonstructural proteins (nsp5 to nsp16). Structural and biochemical studies suggest that a conserved Gln residue at the P1 position is absolutely required for efficient cleavage. Here, we investigate the effects of amino acid substitution at the P1 position of 3CLpro cleavage sites of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on the cleavage efficiency and viral replication by in vitro cleavage assays and reverse genetic approaches. Our results demonstrated that a P1-Asn substitution at the nsp4-5/Q2779, nsp5-6/Q3086, nsp7-8/Q3462, nsp8-9/Q3672, and nsp9-10/Q3783 sites, a P1-Glu substitution at the nsp8-9/Q3672 site, and a P1-His substitution at the nsp15-16/Q6327 site were tolerated and allowed recovery of infectious mutant viruses, albeit with variable degrees of growth defects. In contrast, a P1-Asn substitution at the nsp6-7/Q3379, nsp12-13/Q4868, nsp13-14/Q5468, and nsp14-15/Q5989 sites, as well as a P1-Pro substitution at the nsp15-16/Q6327 site, abolished 3CLpro-mediated cleavage at the corresponding position and blocked the recovery of infectious viruses. Analysis of the effects of these lethal mutations on RNA synthesis suggested that processing intermediates, such as the nsp6-7, nsp12-13, nsp13-14, nsp14-15, and nsp15-16 precursors, may function in negative-stranded genomic RNA replication, whereas mature proteins may be required for subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) transcription. More interestingly, a mutant 3CLpro with either a P166S or P166L mutation was selected when an IBV infectious cDNA clone carrying the Q6327N mutation at the nsp15-16 site was introduced into cells. Either of the two mutations was proved to enhance significantly the 3CLpro-mediated cleavage efficiency at the nsp15-16 site with a P1-Asn substitution and compensate for the detrimental effects on recovery of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguo Fang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Hongyuan Shen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jibin Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Felicia P. L. Tay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Armesto M, Cavanagh D, Britton P. The replicase gene of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus is a determinant of pathogenicity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7384. [PMID: 19816578 PMCID: PMC2754531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the replacement of the S gene from an avirulent strain (Beaudette) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with an S gene from a virulent strain (M41) resulted in a recombinant virus (BeauR-M41(S)) with the in vitro cell tropism of the virulent virus but that was still avirulent. In order to investigate whether any of the other structural or accessory genes played a role in pathogenicity we have now replaced these from the Beaudette strain with those from M41. The recombinant IBV was in effect a chimaeric virus with the replicase gene derived from Beaudette and the rest of the genome from M41. This demonstrated that it is possible to exchange a large region of the IBV genome, approximately 8.4 kb, using our transient dominant selection method. Recovery of a viable recombinant IBV also demonstrated that it is possible to interchange a complete replicase gene as we had in effect replaced the M41 replicase gene with the Beaudette derived gene. Analysis of the chimaeric virus showed that it was avirulent indicating that none of the structural or accessory genes derived from a virulent isolate of IBV were able to restore virulence and that therefore, the loss of virulence associated with the Beaudette strain resides in the replicase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Armesto
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Cavanagh
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Shen W, Liao M, Bartlam M. Preliminary crystallographic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus main protease. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:24-6. [PMID: 17183167 PMCID: PMC2330114 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106052341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the prototype of the genus Coronavirus. It causes a highly contagious disease which affects the respiratory, reproductive, neurological and renal systems of chickens, resulting great economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The coronavirus (CoV) main protease (M(pro)), which plays a pivotal role in viral gene expression and replication through a highly complex cascade involving the proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins, is an attractive target for antiviral drug design. In this study, IBV M(pro) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography have been obtained using microseeding techniques and belong to space group P6(1)22. X-ray diffraction data were collected in-house to 2.7 A resolution from a single crystal. The unit-cell parameters were a = b = 119.1, c = 270.7 A, alpha = beta = 90, gamma = 120 degrees. Three molecules were predicted to be present in the asymmetric unit from a calculated self-rotation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Mondal SP, Cardona CJ. Comparison of four regions in the replicase gene of heterologous infectious bronchitis virus strains. Virology 2004; 324:238-48. [PMID: 15183070 PMCID: PMC7125564 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) produces six subgenomic (sg) mRNAs, each containing a 64 nucleotide (nt) leader sequence, derived from the 5' end of the genome by a discontinuous process. Several putative functional domains such as a papain-like proteinase (PL(pro)), main protease (M(pro)), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and RNA helicase encoded by the replicase gene are important for virus replication. We have sequenced four regions of the replicase genes corresponding to the 5'-terminal sequence, PL(pro), M(pro), and RdRp domains from 20 heterologous IBV strains, and compared them with previously published coronavirus sequences. All the coronavirus 5'-termini and PL(pro) domains were divergent, unlike the M(pro) and the RdRp domains that were highly conserved with 28% and 48% conserved residues, respectively. Among IBV strains, the 5' untranslated region including the leader sequence was highly conserved (>94% identical); whereas, the N-terminal coding region and the PL(pro) domains were highly variable ranging from 84.6% to 100%, and 77.6% to 100% identity, respectively. The IBV M(pro) and RdRp domains were highly conserved with 82.7% and 92.7% conserved residues, respectively. The BJ strain was the most different from other IBVs in all four regions of the replicase. Phylogeny-based clustering based on replicase genes was identical to the antigen-based classification of coronaviruses into three groups. However, the IBV strain classification based on replicase gene domains did not correlate with that of the type-specific antigenic groups. The replicase gene sequences of many IBVs recovered from infected chickens were identical to those of vaccine viruses irrespective of serotype, suggesting that either there has been an exchange of genetic material among vaccine and field isolates or that there is a convergent evolution to a specific replicase genotype. There was no correlation between the genotype of any region of the replicase gene and pathotype, suggesting that the replicase is not the sole determinant of IBV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol J Cardona
- Corresponding author. Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616. Fax: +1-530-752-7563.
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5
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Ng LF, Xu HY, Liu DX. Further identification and characterization of products processed from the coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) 1a polyprotein by the 3C-like proteinase. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 494:291-8. [PMID: 11774483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L F Ng
- Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604
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Ng LF, Liu DX. Further characterization of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus 3C-like proteinase and determination of a new cleavage site. Virology 2000; 272:27-39. [PMID: 10873746 PMCID: PMC7131205 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1999] [Revised: 03/14/2000] [Accepted: 03/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) encodes a trypsin-like proteinase (3C-like proteinase) by ORF 1a, which has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in proteolytic processing of gene 1-encoded polyproteins. In our previous studies, the proteinase was identified as a 33-kDa protein in IBV-infected cells, and its catalytic center was shown to consist of H(2820) and C(2922) residues. It is released from the 1a and 1a/1b polyproteins by autoprocessing at two Q-S dipeptide bonds (Q(2779)-S(2780) and Q(3086)-S(3087)). In this report, further characterization of the two cleavage sites demonstrates that the N-terminal Q(2779)-S(2780) site is tolerant to mutations at the P1 position. Deletion of the C-terminal region of the proteinase shows that a significant amount of the enzymatic activity is maintained upon deletion of up to 67 amino acids, suggesting that the extreme C-terminal region may be dispensable for the proteolytic activity of the proteinase. Analysis of the autoprocessing kinetics in vitro reveals that proteolysis at the Q(2779)-S(2780) site is the first cleavage event mediated by this proteinase. This is followed by cleavage at the Q(3086)-S(3087) site. The occurrence of both cleavage events in intact cells is potentially rapid and efficient, as no intermediate cleavage products covering the proteinase were detected in either IBV-infected or transfected cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation studies further show differential subcellular localization of the proteinase in IBV-infected cells and in cells expressing the 3C-like proteinase alone, indicating that additional roles in viral replication might be played by this protein. Finally, a Q-A (Q(3379)-A(3380)) dipeptide bond encoded by nucleotides 10,663 to 10,668 was demonstrated to be a cleavage site of the proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ng
- Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, The National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
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Lim KP, Ng LF, Liu DX. Identification of a novel cleavage activity of the first papain-like proteinase domain encoded by open reading frame 1a of the coronavirus Avian infectious bronchitis virus and characterization of the cleavage products. J Virol 2000; 74:1674-85. [PMID: 10644337 PMCID: PMC111642 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1674-1685.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/1999] [Accepted: 11/06/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) employs polyprotein processing as a strategy to express its gene products. Previously we identified the first cleavage event as proteolysis at the Gly(673)-Gly(674) dipeptide bond mediated by the first papain-like proteinase domain (PLPD-1) to release an 87-kDa mature protein. In this report, we demonstrate a novel cleavage activity of PLPD-1. Expression, deletion, and mutagenesis studies showed that the product encoded between nucleotides 2548 and 8865 was further cleaved by PLPD-1 at the Gly(2265)-Gly(2266) dipeptide bond to release an N-terminal 195-kDa and a C-terminal 41-kDa cleavage product. Characterization of the cleavage activity revealed that the proteinase is active on this scissile bond when expressed in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and can act on the same substrate in trans when expressed in intact cells. Both the N- and C-terminal cleavage products were detected in virus-infected cells and were found to be physically associated. Glycosidase digestion and site-directed mutagenesis studies of the 41-kDa protein demonstrated that it is modified by N-linked glycosylation at the Asn(2313) residue encoded by nucleotides 7465 to 7467. By using a region-specific antiserum raised against the IBV sequence encoded by nucleotides 8865 to 9786, we also demonstrated that a 33-kDa protein, representing the 3C-like proteinase (3CLP), was specifically immunoprecipitated from the virus-infected cells. Site-directed mutagenesis and expression studies showed that a previously predicted cleavage site (Q(2583)-G(2584)) located within the 41-kDa protein-encoding region was not utilized by 3CLP, supporting the conclusion that the 41-kDa protein is a mature viral product.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Lim
- Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
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8
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Abstract
Previous studies in vitro of the processing of cloned polyprotein fragments from the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) large open reading frame (ORF1), confirmed the activity of a predicted 3C-like proteinase (3CLP) domain and suggested that the proteinase is released autocatalytically from the polyprotein in the form of a 35 kDa protein, 3CLpro, capable of further cleavages in trans. In order to identify such cleavages within the ORF1 polyprotein mediated by 3CLpro, the proteinase was expressed in bacteria, purified and used in trans cleavage assays with polyprotein fragments lacking the 3CLP domain as targets. The proteinase was expressed as a polyprotein fragment which was able to process during expression in bacterial cells, releasing mature 3CLpro. A histidine (His6) tag was introduced close to the C-terminus of the proteinase to aid purification. Processing demonstrated by the tagged proteinase was indistinguishable from that of the wild-type enzyme indicating that the site chosen for the tag was permissive. From these studies we were able to demonstrate trans cleavages consistent with the use of most of the previously predicted or identified sites within the open reading frame of gene 1. This tentatively completes the processing map for the ORF1 region with respect to 3CLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Tibbles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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Lim KP, Liu DX. Characterisation of a papain-like proteinase domain encoded by ORF1a of the coronavirus IBV and determination of the C-terminal cleavage site of an 87 kDa protein. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 440:173-84. [PMID: 9782279 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5331-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that two overlapping papain-like proteinase domains (PLPDs) encoded by the IBV sequence from nucleotides 4155 to 5550 is responsible for cleavage of the ORF 1a polyprotein to an 87 kDa protein. In this study, we demonstrate that only the more 5' one of the two domains, PLPD-1 encoded between nucleotides 4155 and 5031, is required for processing to the 87 kDa protein. Site-directed mutagenesis studies have shown that the Cys1274 and His1435 residues are essential for the PLPD-1 activity, suggesting that they may be the components of the catalytic centre of this proteinase. Coexpression and immunoprecipitation studies have further revealed that PLPD can interact with the 87 kDa protein. Meanwhile, data obtained from the construction and expression of a series of deletion mutants have indicated that the 87 kDa protein is encoded by the 5'-most 2600 bp part of ORF1a. further deletion and mutagenesis studies are underway to determine precisely the C-terminal cleavage site of the 87 kDa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Lim
- Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, Singapore
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Liu DX, Shen S, Xu HY, Brown TD. Proteolytic processing of the polyprotein encoded by ORF1b of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 440:149-59. [PMID: 9782277 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5331-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We present here evidence demonstrating that four previously predicted Q-S(G) cleavage sites, encoded by the IBV sequences from nucleotide 15,129 to 15,134, 16,929 to 16,934, 18,492 to 18,497, and 19,506 to 19,511, respectively, can be recognised and transcleaved by the 3C-like proteinase. Five mature products with sizes of approximately 100 kDa, 65 kDa, 63 kDa, 42 kDa and 35 kDa are released from the ORF1b polyprotein by the 3C-like proteinase-mediated cleavage at these positions. Meanwhile, expression of plasmids containing only the ORF1b region showed no autocleavage of the polyprotein encoded, suggesting that the 3C-like proteinase may be the sole proteinase involved in processing of the 1b polyprotein. These data may therefore represent a complete processing map of the polyprotein encoded by ORF1b of mRNA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D X Liu
- Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, Singapore
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Ng LF, Liu DX. Further characterisation of the coronavirus IBV ORF 1a products encoded by the 3C-like proteinase domain and the flanking regions. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 440:161-71. [PMID: 9782278 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5331-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus IBV encodes a piconarvirus 3C-like proteinase. In a previous report, this proteinase was shown to undergo rapid degradation in vitro in reticulocyte lysate due to a posttranslational event involving ubiquitination of the protein. Several lines of evidence presented here indicate that the proteinase itself is stable. Translation of the IBV sequence from nucleotide 8864 to 9787 resulted in the synthesis of a 33 kDa protein, representing the full-length 3C-like proteinase. Pulse-chase and time-course experiments showed that this protein was stable in reticulocyte lysate for up to 2 hours. However, a 45 kDa protein encoded by the IBV sequence from nucleotide 8693 to 9911 underwent rapid degradation in reticulocyte lysate, but was stable in wheat germ extract, suggesting that an ATP-dependent protein degradation pathway may be involved in the turnover of the 45 kDa protein. To identify the IBV sequence responsible for the instability of this 45 kDa protein species, the region from nucleotide 8693 to 9787 was translated both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the synthesis of a stable 43 kDa protein. These results suggest that a destabilising signal may be located in the IBV sequences between the nucleotides 9787 and 9911. Meanwhile, protein aggregation was observed when the product encoded by the IBV sequence from nucleotide 9911 to 10,510 was boiled for 5 minutes before being analysed in SDS-PAGE; when the same product was treated at 37 degrees C for 15 minutes, however, protein aggregation was not detected. Deletion studies indicate that the presence of a hydrophobic domain downstream of the 3C-like proteinase-encoding region may be the cause for the aggregation of the product encoded by this region of ORF 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ng
- Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, Singapore
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Liu DX, Shen S, Xu HY, Wang SF. Proteolytic mapping of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus 1b polyprotein: evidence for the presence of four cleavage sites of the 3C-like proteinase and identification of two novel cleavage products. Virology 1998; 246:288-97. [PMID: 9657947 PMCID: PMC7131314 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the 3C-like proteinase of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is responsible for processing of the 1a and 1a/1b polyproteins to three mature products of 24, 10, and 100 kDa (Liu et al., 1994, 1997; Ng and Liu, 1998). The C-terminal cleavage site of the 100-kDa protein was defined to be the Q891(1b)-S892(1b) dipeptide bond encoded by nucleotides 15,129 to 15,134 (Liu and Brown, 1995). In this report, other cleavage sites of the 3C-like proteinase in the polyprotein encoded by the ORF 1b region were mapped by coexpression, deletion, and site-directed mutagenesis studies. Using two ORF 1b-specific antisera, V58 and V17, three more Q-S(G) dipeptide bonds, encoded by nucleotides 16,929 to 16,934, 18,492 to 18,497, and 19,506 to 19,511, respectively, were demonstrated to be the cleavage sites of the 3C-like proteinase. Cleavage at these four positions would result in the release of four mature products with molecular masses of approximately 68, 58, 39, and 35 kDa. Among them, the 39- and 35-kDa proteins were specifically identified in IBV-infected cells. Taken together with the 100-kDa protein previously identified, these results suggest that the ORF 1b region of IBV mRNA1 may be able to encode five mature products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D X Liu
- Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Tibbles KW, Brierley I, Cavanagh D, Brown TD. Characterization in vitro of an autocatalytic processing activity associated with the predicted 3C-like proteinase domain of the coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. J Virol 1996; 70:1923-30. [PMID: 8627718 PMCID: PMC190021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.1923-1930.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A region of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genome between nucleotide positions 8693 and 10927 which encodes the predicted 3C-like proteinase (3CLP) domain and several potential cleavage sites has been clones into a T7 transcription vector. In vitro translation of synthetic transcripts generated from this plasmid was not accompanied by detectable processing activity of the nascent polypeptide unless the translation was carried out in the presence of microsomal membrane preparations. The processed products so obtained closely resembled in size those expected from cleavage at predicted glutamine-serine (Q/S) dipeptides and included a protein with a size of 35 kDa (p35) that corresponds to the predicted size of 3CLP. Efficient processing was dependent on the presence of membranes during translation; processing was found to occur when microsomes were added posttranslationally, but only after extended periods of incubation. C-terminal deletion analysis of the encoded polyprotein fragment revealed that cleavage activity was dependent on the presence of most but not all of the downstream and adjacent hydrophobic region MP2. Dysfunctional mutagenesis of the putative active-site cysteine residue of 3CLP to either serine or alanine resulted in polypeptides that were impaired for processing, while mutagenesis at the predicted Q/S release sites implicated them in the release of the p35 protein. Processed products of the wild-type protein were active in trans cleavage assays, which were used to demonstrate that the IBV 3CLP is sensitive to inhibition by both serine and cysteine protease class-specific inhibitors. These data reveal the identity of the IBV 3C-like proteinase, which exhibits characteristics in common with the 3C proteinases of picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Tibbles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Tibbles KW, Brierley I, Cavanagh D, Brown TD. A region of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus 1a polyprotein encoding the 3C-like protease domain is subject to rapid turnover when expressed in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. J Gen Virol 1995; 76 ( Pt 12):3059-70. [PMID: 8847511 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-12-3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in the processing of infectious bronchitis virus polyproteins, several candidate regions of the genome have been cloned and expressed in vitro. During these studies it was observed that the translation product encoded by one of these clones (pKT205) was poorly expressed. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that the basis for the poor expression was a post-translational event involving ubiquitination of the protein and degradation by an ATP-dependent system operating in the reticulocyte lysate used for the in vitro expression. Two independently acting regions which conferred instability were identified, one of which mapped to the predicted 3C protease domain, contained within the 5' end of the clone, while the other, more C-terminal region, was effective in conferring instability upon a heterologous protein to which it had been transferred. These regions may influence the stability of the authentic viral protein(s) in vivo and hence allow for the control of their expression and/or function at the level of proteolysis by cellular protease(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Tibbles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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15
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Liu DX, Brierley I, Brown TD. Identification of a trypsin-like serine proteinase domain encoded by ORF 1a of the coronavirus IBV. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 380:405-11. [PMID: 8830516 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D X Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Brierley I, Boursnell ME, Binns MM, Bilimoria B, Rolley NJ, Brown TD, Inglis SC. Products of the polymerase-encoding region of the coronavirus IBV. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 276:275-81. [PMID: 1966413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5823-7_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Brierley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Inglis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Boursnell ME, Brown TD, Foulds IJ, Green PF, Tomley FM, Binns MM. The complete nucleotide sequence of avian infectious bronchitis virus: analysis of the polymerase-coding region. Adv Exp Med Biol 1987; 218:15-29. [PMID: 2829522 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Boursnell
- Houghton Poultry Research Station, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England, UK
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