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Peng Q, Wu Y, Li Y, Lu C, Yao R, Hu S, Ma N, Chen S, Yang X, Ma P. The IL-31/TRPV1 pathway mediates allergic asthma exacerbated by DINP dermal exposure in OVA-sensitized Balb/c mice. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169613. [PMID: 38154627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential role of dermal exposure diisononyl phthalate (DINP) as an adjuvant in allergic inflammation and asthma has been suggested. However, the current findings do not provide enough evidence to support this claim. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact and mechanisms of allergic asthma exacerbation through the dermal exposure to DINP. METHODS The study was undertaken using OVA-sensitized mice. Lung histopathology and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) were assessed. Expression levels of immunoglobulins (t-IgE, OVA-IgE and OVA-IgG1), cytokines (IL-31, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and INF-γ), and TRPV1 were measured. To investigate the mechanism by which allergic asthma worsens due to dermal exposure to DINP, the blockade analysis using the IL-31 antagonist SB-431542 and the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CZP) were performed. RESULTS The findings of the study revealed that the simultaneous exposure to DINP and OVA resulted in an increase in inspiratory resistance (Ri) and expiratory resistance (Re), a decrease in the minimum value of lung dynamic compliance (Cldyn), and worsened airway remodeling. Additionally, it was found that this exposure led to an increase in the levels of IL-31 and TRPV1, which are biomarkers of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13), as well as immunoglobulins (Total IgE, OVA-lgE, and OVA-IgG1), while decreasing the biomarker of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ). However, these impairments showed improvement after the administration of SB-431542 or CZP. CONCLUSION The findings of this research indicate that the IL-31/TRPV1 pathway plays a moderating function in OVA-induced allergic asthma worsened by dermal exposure to DINP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Chan Lu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Runming Yao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Siyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Shaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
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Han Y, Yu X, Lu Y, Shen Y, Wang X, Wei H, Ni K, Qu J, Chen G. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate aggravates fine particulate matter-induced asthma in weanling mice due to T follicular helper cell-dependent response. Toxicology 2023; 484:153406. [PMID: 36549504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants fine particulate matter and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are believed to be the risk factors for childhood asthma. Allergic asthma is basically an immediate hypersensitivity mediated by IgE, the product of humoral immune response. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) have been newly identified as the crucial T helper cells for supporting B cells to produce immunoglobulins in humoral immunity. Tfh cells are therefore potentially to serve as the diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of immune diseases. In this study, we examined the joint effects of fine particulate matter and DEHP on the initiation and progression of asthma and explored the fundamental role of Tfh cells during the process. Weanling C57BL/6 mice (both sexes) were concurrently exposed to DEHP (intragastric administration at 300 μg/kg) and fine atmospheric particulate matter (mean particle diameter < 4 µm, PM4) (oropharyngeal instillation at 2 mg/kg) once every three days for 30 days (10 times). We found that DEHP displayed adjuvant effects to potentiate PM4 allergen-induced expansion of Tfh and plasma cells, production of serum IgE and IgG1, and occurrence of airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation. Then PM4 and DEHP co-exposure was performed to Cd4 knock-out mice reconstituted with normal wild-type adoptive Tfh cells or non-Tfh cells. The results of immune adoptive transfusion indicated that the joint immunotoxic effects of PM4 and DEHP were dependent on Tfh cells. We further proved that DEHP could adjuvantly boost PM4-induced expression of BCL-6 and c-MAF and secretion of IL-13 and IL-4 in Tfh cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that DEHP metabolites act in an adjuvant-like manner to aggravate PM4 allergen-induced asthma based on anaphylactic IgE response, resulting from excessive IL-13 and IL-4 synthesized by abnormally differentiated Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xiangjun Yu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kaihua Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianhua Qu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Tong J, Zhou XD, Kolosov VP, Perelman JM. [Effects of glycyrrhizin on airway mucus hypersecretion induced by interleukin-13 in rats]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 93:2225-2229. [PMID: 24169335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of glycyrrhizin on airway mucus hypersecretion induced by interleukin-13 (IL-13) in rats. METHODS A total of 50 SD rats were divided randomly into 5 groups with a random digit table: control group, IL-13 group, and different dosage (25, 50, 75 mg/kg) glycyrrhizin groups. The integral of expression intensity in positive cells of airway epithelium under mucus histochemical stain was calculated with modality-quantitative method. HBE-16 cells were divided into 6 groups: negative control (physiological saline), IL-13 control (10 µg/L IL-13+physiological saline), different concentration glycyrrhizin interference (10 µg/L IL-13+25, 50 and 75 µmol/L glycyrrhizin, respectively) and positive control (10 µg/L IL-13+25 µmol/L zopolrestat). The expression of mucin (MUC) 5AC mRNA, MUC5AC protein, aldose reductase (AR) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, fluorometric method and fluorescence intensity with General Oxidative Stress Indicator (CM-H2DFDA) catheter respectively. RESULTS In vivo, the integral of expression intensity in positive stain cells of airway epithelium were 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.87 ± 0.13, 0.56 ± 0.08, 0.46 ± 0.06 and 0.35 ± 0.04 respectively while the integral of different dosage glycyrrhizin groups was significantly lower than that of IL-13 group (all P < 0.05) with dose depentency and the IL-13 group was stronger than control group (P < 0.05). In vitro, the index of AR activity and ROS at 48 h of HBE16 cells in every group were 0.156 ± 0.021, 0.692 ± 0.039, 0.436 ± 0.019, 0.323 ± 0.042 and 0.290 ± 0.027; 5.127 ± 0.033, 24.257 ± 3.263, 11.966 ± 0.283, 8.892 ± 0.521 and 6.426 ± 0.173 respectively. The indices of IL-13 control group were higher than those of negative control group (P < 0.05) while those of different concentration glycyrrhizin interference groups were lower than those of IL-13 control group (all P < 0.05). The expressions of MUC5AC mRNA and protein of HBE16 cells in every group were 0.82 ± 0.05, 3.22 ± 0.12, 2.57 ± 0.34, 2.09 ± 0.54 and 1.58 ± 0.22; 0.18 ± 0.04, 0.65 ± 0.15, 0.48 ± 0.11, 0.33 ± 0.19 and 0.26 ± 0.06 respectively. The indices of IL-13 control group were higher than those of negative control group (P < 0.05) and those of different concentration glycyrrhizin interference groups were lower than those of IL-13 control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Glycyrrhizin may inhibit the expression of MUC5AC mRNA and MUC5AC protein induced by IL-13 and control the hypersecretion of airway mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing 400010, China
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Kioi M, Husain SR, Croteau D, Kunwar S, Puri RK. Convection-enhanced delivery of interleukin-13 receptor-directed cytotoxin for malignant glioma therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2006; 5:239-50. [PMID: 16700620 DOI: 10.1177/153303460600500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of patients with malignant brain tumors, in particular glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is very challenging because of their diffuse infiltrative nature and the cytological heterogeneity. The median survival of patients with newly diagnosed GBM is only 12-15 months, and only 8-12% of them survive for two years. Novel approaches for brain tumor therapy are needed. Recently, targeted therapies have emerged as promising modality for cancer targeting. We have discovered that high affinity plasma membrane receptor for interleukin-13 (IL-13), an immune regulatory cytokine, is over-expressed in 60-80% of malignant brain tumors. To target these IL-13R, we generated a chimeric fusion protein, composed of human IL-13 and mutated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE), termed IL-13 cytotoxin (IL13-PE), and tested its cytotoxicity to IL-13R-expressing GBM cells. IL-13 cytotoxin was highly potent and selective in killing IL-13R-expressing GBM cells. In contrast, normal cells including brain, immune, and endothelial cells were generally not affected by this cytotoxin due to no or low expression of IL-13R. In vivo pre-clinical studies for safety and toxicity were also performed in mice, rats, and monkeys, and IL-13 cytotoxin was found to be well tolerated by both systemic and intracerebral administrations. IL-13 cytotoxin was found to mediate remarkable efficacy in animal models of human brain tumors. Encouraged by these pre-clinical studies, four Phase 1/2 clinical trials in adult patients with recurrent malignant glioma have been completed. These clinical trials involved convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of IL-13 cytotoxin either intratumoral or intraparenchymal after resection of tumor. CED is a novel loco-regional drug delivery method for intracranial tumors that relies on a continuous pressure gradient to distribute drug into interstitial space. This route of IL-13 cytotoxin administration appears to be very well tolerated and have a good risk-benefit profile. Most recently, a randomized controlled Phase 3 clinical trial (PRECISE) with intraparenchymal IL-13 cytotoxin administration was completed and subjects are being monitored for safety and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitomu Kioi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 29 Lincoln Drive MSC 4555, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rainov NG, Söling A. Technology evaluation: cintredekin besudotox, NeoPharm/Nippon. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2005; 7:170-81. [PMID: 15844626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
NeoPharm Inc, under license from the National Institutes of Health and the FDA, and in collaboration with the Japanese licensee Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd, is developing cintredekin besudotox, a chimeric human IL-13 conjugated to a genetically engineered Pseudomonas exotoxin molecule, as a potential antitumor agent. This agent is currently undergoing phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai G Rainov
- University of Liverpool, Department of Neurological Science, The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK.
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Rossi MID, de Oliveira Barreto E, Pires ALA, Rossi MID, Dias VAR, Cordeiro RSB, Martins MA, Lima MCR. Long-term exacerbation by interleukin 13 of IgE-mediated eosinophilia in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1353-64. [PMID: 15953562 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent work shows that at least two cycles of antigen challenge applied in a 7-day interval are required to yield tissue eosinophil accumulation in IgE-passively sensitized rats. Since interleukin (IL)-13 is widely regarded as a key mediator in eosinophilic responses associated with mast cells and IgE, we investigated whether this cytokine could replace the first cycle of sensitization and challenge in its proeosinophilic role. We found that IL-13 (25 and 50 ng/cavity) injected into the rat pleural space led to eotaxin generation and a dose-dependent accumulation of eosinophils following IgE-passive sensitization and challenge 7 days later. IL-13 failed to cause eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro but induced eosinophil accumulation into the pleural cavity of naïve rats, which peaked 1 day and faded 72 h post-challenge. No changes were found 1 week after intrapleural injection of IL-13, except an approximately 40-50% increase in the number of adhered and non-adhered pleural mast cells. As recovered from the pleural effluent 1 week after IL-13, mast cells expressed the same amount of IgE bound on their surface as compared to controls. However, they generated 3-fold more LTC(4) following IgE-sensitization and challenge in vitro, keeping intact the amount of histamine released. Finally, pretreatment with zileuton (50 microg/cavity) 1 h before allergen challenge prevented eosinophil accumulation in those animals injected with IL-13 1 week before. In conclusion, our findings show that IL-13 causes a long-term exacerbation of the IgE-mediated eosinophilic response in a mechanism associated with heightened cysteinyl-leukotriene (cys-LT) production by resident mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Doria Rossi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Laboratory of Inflammation, IOC/Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Kawakami K, Kawakami M, Kioi M, Husain SR, Puri RK. Distribution kinetics of targeted cytotoxin in glioma by bolus or convection-enhanced delivery in a murine model. J Neurosurg 2005; 101:1004-11. [PMID: 15597761 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.6.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Interleukin-13 receptor (IL-13R)-targeted cytotoxin (IL-13-PE38) displays a potent antitumor activity against a variety of human tumors including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and, thus, this agent is being tested in the clinical trial for the treatment of recurrent GBM. In this study, the authors determined the safety and distribution kinetics of IL-13 cytotoxin when infused intracranially by a bolus injection and by convection-enhanced delivery (CED) in an athymic nude mouse model of GBM. METHODS For the safety studies, athymic nude mice were given intracranial infusions of IL-13 cytotoxin into normal parenchyma by either a bolus injection or a 7-day-long CED. Toxicity was assessed by performing a histological examination of the mouse brains. For the drug distribution studies, nude mice with intracranially implanted U251 GBM tumors were given an intratumor bolus or a CED infusion of IL-13 cytotoxin. Brain tumor samples obtained between 0.25 and 72 hours after the infusion were assessed for drug distribution kinetics by performing immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. Based on the histological changes in the tumor and brain, the maximum tolerated dose of intracranial IL-13 cytotoxin infusion in nude mice was determined to be 4 microg when delivered by a bolus injection and 10 microg when CED was used. Drug distribution reached the maximum level 1 hour after the bolus injection and the volume of distribution was determined to be 19.3 +/- 5.8 mm3. Interleukin-13 cytotoxin was barely detectable 6 hours after the injection. Interestingly, when delivered by bolus injections IL-13 cytotoxin exhibited superior distribution in larger rather than smaller tumors. Convection-enhanced delivery was superior for drug distribution in the U251 tumors because when CED was used the drug remained in the tumors 6 hours after the infusion. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide confirmation of a previous hypothesis that CED of IL-13 cytotoxin is superior to bolus injections not only for the safety of the normal brain but also for maintaining drug levels for a prolonged period in infused brain tumors. These findings are highly relevant and important for the optimal clinical development of IL-13 cytotoxin or any other targeted antitumor agent for GBM therapy, in which multiple routes of delivery of an agent are being contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Interstitial infusion of IL13-PE38QQR, a tumor specific, chimeric cytotoxin, into the rat brain stem was performed in an effort to assess safety. Six rats underwent stereotaxic cannula placement into the pontine segment of the brain stem followed by a 24-h infusion of IL13-PE38QQR (volume of infusion (Vi) 200 microl) at a concentration of 10 microg/ml. The animals were assessed neurologically and then sacrificed either immediately or after 2 weeks. All animals tolerated the infusions without exhibiting any neurological changes. Postmortem examination of the brains revealed no significant histological changes beyond the site of the cannula tract. These findings indicate that supratherapeutic concentrations of IL13-PE38QQR administered by interstitial infusion into the rat brain stem is well tolerated and may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for children with diffuse pontine gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Souweidane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Kawakami K, Kawakami M, Puri RK. IL-13 receptor-targeted cytotoxin cancer therapy leads to complete eradication of tumors with the aid of phagocytic cells in nude mice model of human cancer. J Immunol 2002; 169:7119-26. [PMID: 12471149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-directed therapeutic approaches require unique or overexpressed specific Ag or receptor as a target to achieve selective tumor killing. However, heterogeneous expression of these targets on tumor cells limits the efficacy of this form of therapy. In this study, we forced abundant expression of IL-13Ralpha2 chain by plasmid-mediated gene transfer in head and neck, as well as prostate tumors to provide a potential target. This was followed by successfully treating xenograft tumor-bearing nude mice with IL-13R-directed cytotoxin (IL13-PE38QQR). Although we did not observe an indirect cytotoxic bystander effect conveyed to nontransduced tumor cells in vitro, our approach in vivo led to a complete regression of established tumors transfected with IL-13Ralpha2 chain in most animals. We found that the tumor eradication was achieved in part by infiltration of macrophages and NK cells, assessed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, head and neck tumors xenografted in macrophage-depleted nude mice were less sensitive to the antitumor effect of IL-13 cytotoxin. Because we did not observe vector-related toxicity in any vital organs, our novel combination strategy of gene transfer of IL-13Ralpha2 chain and receptor-directed cytotoxin therapy may be a useful approach for the treatment of localized cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Exotoxins/genetics
- Exotoxins/therapeutic use
- Exotoxins/toxicity
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/biosynthesis
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Injections, Intralesional
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-13/toxicity
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/pathology
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/biosynthesis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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