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Sprygin A, Babin Y, Pestova Y, Kononova S, Wallace DB, Van Schalkwyk A, Byadovskaya O, Diev V, Lozovoy D, Kononov A. Analysis and insights into recombination signals in lumpy skin disease virus recovered in the field. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207480. [PMID: 30540759 PMCID: PMC6291113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wide spread incidences of vaccine-like strains of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) have recently been reported in a Russian region with a neighboring country that actively vaccinate with a live attenuated LSD vaccine. The use of live-attenuated viruses (LAVs) as vaccines during an active outbreak, creates potential ground for coinfection of hosts and emergence of a strain combining genetic fragments of both parental vaccine and field strains. In this study, we analyse the vaccine-like strain LSDV RUSSIA/Saratov/2017 detected in Saratovskaya oblast, a region sharing border with Kazakhstan. To gain insight into possible recombination signals, a full-genome next-generation sequencing of the viral genome was performed using the Illumina platform. The genome contains the backbone of a live-attenuated vaccine with a patchwork of wild-type field virus DNA fragments located throughout. A total of 27 recombination events were identified. The average distance between the recombination sites was 3400 base pairs (bp). The impact of the recombination events on the virulence and transmission capacity of the identified virus remains to be clarified. These findings provide evidence for the first time of genetic exchanges between closely related strains of capripoxviruses in the field and a vaccine strain, and prompt a revisiting of the vaccination issue for a safe and efficacious prevention and control strategy of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yurii Babin
- Federal Budget Institution of Science "Central Research Institute of Epidemiology”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | - David B. Wallace
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Saegerman C, Bertagnoli S, Meyer G, Ganière JP, Caufour P, De Clercq K, Jacquiet P, Fournié G, Hautefeuille C, Etore F, Casal J. Risk of introduction of lumpy skin disease in France by the import of vectors in animal trucks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198506. [PMID: 29889905 PMCID: PMC5995388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10-5 and 5.93 x 10-3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10-5; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10-7 and 3.73 x 10-5 and between 5 x 10-10 and 3.95 x 10-8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be updated to process new information on vectors and the changing health situation, in addition to new data from the TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES, EU database). This model is easy to adapt to different countries and to other vectors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- IHAP, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Ganière
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- CIRAD-INRA ASTRE Joint Research Unit (UMR), BIOS Department, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Fournié
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hautefeuille
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Etore
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jordi Casal
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona / IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
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Tuppurainen ESM, Venter EH, Coetzer JAW. The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 72:153-64. [PMID: 16137133 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v72i2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a disease of cattle, primarily in Africa and Madagascar and rarely in the Middle East. It is caused by a capripoxvirus that belongs to the family Poxviridae. The disease is of economic importance in endemic areas. Effective control of LSD requires accurate and rapid laboratory techniques to confirm a tentative clinical diagnosis. Comparative studies on different diagnostic tests used at different stages of the disease have not been done. The aim of this study was to compare several of these tests. Six seronegative bulls, between 11 and 20 months of age, were infected intravenously and kept in an insect-free facility. The course of the infection was monitored. During a 3-month period blood samples and skin biopsies were collected for virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Skin biopsies were also examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The incubation period in infected animals varied from 4-5 days. The length of the viraemic period did not correlate with the severity of clinical disease. Viraemia was detected from 1-12 days using virus isolation and from 4-11 days using the PCR, which is longer than has previously been reported. Virus was isolated from skin biopsies until Day 39 post infection (p.i.) and PCR could demonstrate viral DNA until Day 92 p.i. Transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained skin biopsies detected LSD virus only in one of the four bulls that developed skin lesions until Day 33 p.i. The PCR was a fast and sensitive method to demonstrate viral DNA in blood and skin samples. It could detect viral nucleic acid in skin lesions 53 days longer than virus isolation. Virus isolation from blood and skin samples was sensitive and reliable, but as a single test it may be too time-consuming to use although this depends on how rapidly the diagnosis must be confirmed. In conclusion, this study showed the PCR to be superior in detecting LSD virus from blood and skin samples. However, virus isolation is still required when the infectivity of the LSD virus is to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S M Tuppurainen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Abstract
British cattle were infected with the South African (Neethling) strain of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and their clinical signs monitored over a 3-week period. Different routes of infection were assessed for effect on the clinical characteristics of the disease by using a clinical scoring system. Neither of 2 animals inoculated onto the conjunctival sac showed clinical signs of seroconverted. The intradermal route produced local lesions in 21 of 25 animals, and generalized infection in 4. In contrast the intravenous route produced generalized lesions in 8 of 11 animals. Seven uninfected animals were housed in contact with infected animals for 1 month. None developed clinical signs or produced detectable serum neutralizing antibodies. Six of seven of these animals were then challenged and were fully susceptible to infection. The results suggest that the transmission of LSDV between animals by contagion is extremely inefficient, and that parenteral inoculation of virus is required to establish infection. The high proportion of animals with generalized disease following intravenous inoculation implies that naturally occurring cases of generalized LSD may follow spread by intravenously feeding arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Carn
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey
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Abstract
Capripox vaccine (strain 0240) caused severe generalised skin reactions in vaccinated dairy cattle in two herds, whereas beef cattle did not develop reactions. All the reacting animals developed lumpy skin disease-like lesions. The incidence of skin lesions in first-lactation cows in herd A was 22.9 per cent and in herd B 29.3 per cent, mainly in the post-calving period. In older cows, the incidence was 10 per cent in herd A and 12.4 per cent in herd B. In herd B the high-yielding lactating cows were the most severely affected. There was a decrease of 3.5 per cent in milk production in each herd over a period of 12 days, and six first calving animals (3.5 per cent) and six cows (1.5 per cent) were slaughtered. A capripox virus was isolated from the animals with severe lesions, and was also demonstrated by electron microscopy. The histopathological lesions were similar to those of lumpy skin disease. The extent of the lesions appeared to be stress-related and, to a lesser degree, correlated with age and breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yeruham
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Lumpy skin disease caused by a capripoxvirus was observed in a captive-bred female Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) at the National Wildlife Research Center, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Clinical signs included severe general depression with fever, anorexia, greater than 1,000 nodular cutaneous lesions and gradual recovery over 2 mo. The virus was found by electron microscopy and paired sera showed an increasing virus neutralization antibody titer against capripoxvirus. A serologic survey of the herd of 90 oryx showed a low prevalence (2%) of this infection. This report describes the first case of lumpy skin disease in an Arabian oryx.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Greth
- National Wildlife Research Center (National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development), Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Ali AA, Esmat M, Attia H, Selim A, Abdel-Hamid YM. Clinical and pathological studies on lumpy skin disease in Egypt. Vet Rec 1990; 127:549-50. [PMID: 2281596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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House JA, Wilson TM, el Nakashly S, Karim IA, Ismail I, el Danaf N, Moussa AM, Ayoub NN. The isolation of lumpy skin disease virus and bovine herpesvirus-4 from cattle in Egypt. J Vet Diagn Invest 1990; 2:111-5. [PMID: 1965577 DOI: 10.1177/104063879000200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) virus (LSDV) was isolated for the first time from cattle in Egypt in 2 disease outbreaks. Bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) and LSDV were detected in a pooled sample from the first outbreak (Suez). Only LSDV was isolated from the second outbreak (Ismalia). The capripoxviruses were identified as LSDV by neutralization with specific antiserum and by their ability to produce generalized LSD in experimentally inoculated cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A House
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944
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Mebratu GY, Kassa B, Fikre Y, Berhanu B. Observation on the outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 1984; 37:395-9. [PMID: 6545834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Prozesky L, Barnard BJ. A study of the pathology of lumpy skin disease in cattle. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1982; 49:167-75. [PMID: 7177597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic lesions in cattle infected with the virus of the Neethling form of lumpy skin disease comprised a granulomatous reaction in the dermis and hypodermis which extended to the surrounding tissue. During the early stages of the lesions a vasculitis and lymphangitis with concomitant thrombosis and infarction resulted in necrosis and oedema. A hallmark of the acute to subacute stages of the lesions was the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in various cell types. The inclusions consisted of the viroplasm which was identified as aggregates of electron-dense, finely granular to fibrillar deposits in which membrane-enclosed virions and occasional groups of tubular structures were observed. Various cytopathogenic changes were observed in cells exhibiting viral proliferation. The morphogenesis of the virions is discussed in relation to the cytopathogenic changes.
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Castrucci G. A comparison in calves of the antigenicity of three strains of bovid herpesvirus 2. Res Vet Sci 1975; 18:208-15. [PMID: 165571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three strains of bovid herpesvirus 2, viz. Allerton, bovine mammillitis and 69/1LO were used to infect calves intradermally. Twenty-eight days later the immunity of the calves was challenged by intravenous injection of a homologous or heterologous strain. Challenge control calves developed a fever (greater than 40 degrees C) lasting several days and widespread skin lesions which varied with the strain. Homologous challenge of the primary infection produced neither skin lesions nor febrile response, except in one calf in which fever was noted on one day. Heterologous challenge did not cause skin lesions but fever occurred in 8/12 calves. In particular Allerton virus failed to protect completely against heterologous challenge. Despite minor differences evident in these experiments, it is recommended that these isolates should be considered as strains of the same virus--bovid herpesvirus 2.
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Davies FG, Krauss H, Lund J, Taylor M. The laboratory diagnosis of lumpy skin disease. Res Vet Sci 1971; 12:123-7. [PMID: 4929414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Young E, Basson PA, Weiss KE. Experimental infection of game animals with lumpy skin disease virus (prototype strain Neethling). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1970; 37:79-87. [PMID: 5535829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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