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Zapata-Vívenes E, Bastidas M, Marcano LDV, Sonnenholzner-Varas J. Colorless spherule cells and lysozyme contribute to innate immunological responses in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, exposed to bacterial challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 117:253-261. [PMID: 34418557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus is considered a good candidate for aquaculture, but bacterial diseases are a major challenge in culture conditions. The innate immunological defenses of L. variegatus to bacterial challenges were assessed through hematology parameters, in vitro phagocytosis, lysozyme activity and total plasma protein concentrations in cell-free coelomic fluid. Adult sea urchins were inoculated with Microccocus lysodeikticus, Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the cavity coelomic. Filtrated and sterile seawater (FSW) injected and non-injected sea urchins were used as control groups. Righting time, external aspects and behavior of sea urchins were evaluated. Twenty-four hours post-inoculation, we found an increase in the population of colorless spherule cells (CLS), phagocytosis, and humoral responses in sea urchins challenged by bacterial inoculations. Righting time was not affected by the treatments and apparent external signs of disease were not observed at least during 96h post-inoculation. The immunological system of L. variegatus quickly eliminated pathogenic microorganisms. CLS and lysozyme activity cooperate in the immune defenses of L. variegatus, showing an extraordinary efficiency for adjusting the immune defenses under stress caused by microbes. We recommend that the cellular and humoral markers serve as routine tests to monitor health status in sea urchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Zapata-Vívenes
- Grupo de Biología y Cultivo de Equinodermos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Pesca y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador.
| | - Mariángel Bastidas
- Departamento de Bioanálisis, Escuela de Ciencias, Núcleo de Sucre, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela.
| | - Leida Del Valle Marcano
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Biología, Escuela de Ciencias, Núcleo de Sucre, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela.
| | - Jorge Sonnenholzner-Varas
- Grupo de Biología y Cultivo de Equinodermos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Pesca y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador.
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Figueiredo D, Santos WS, Montoni F, Iwai LK, Silva Junior PI. Toposome: Source of antimicrobial molecules in the gonads of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 109:51-61. [PMID: 33276094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchins live in a challenging environment that requires rapid and efficient responses against pathogens and invaders. This response may be also important in reproductive processes once males and females release their gametes into water. In addition, the gonads are organs with dual function: reproductive organ and nutrient reserve, therefore it needs efficient protective mechanisms to preserve the nutrients as well as the reproductive cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and characterize antimicrobial molecules in the male and female gonads of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Through HPLC purification, antimicrobial activity test and mass spectrometry several antimicrobial molecules were found in the gonads of both gender. Computational in silico analyses showed that they are fragments of a glycoprotein called toposome, also known as major yolk protein (MYP) which is one of the major proteins found in the gonads. Although different functions have been reported for this protein, this is the first description of a direct antimicrobial activity in Lytechinus variegatus. The results indicate that when undergoing proteolysis the toposome generates different fragments with antimicrobial activity which may indicate the importance of a rapid defense response strategy against invading microorganisms in the gonads used by both males and females sea urchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dal Figueiredo
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA/CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP, 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - W S Santos
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA/CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP, 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Montoni
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA/CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP, 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Leo Kei Iwai
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA/CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP, 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - P I Silva Junior
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA/CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP, 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Leite Figueiredo DA, Branco PC, Dos Santos DA, Emerenciano AK, Iunes RS, Shimada Borges JC, Machado Cunha da Silva JR. Ocean acidification affects parameters of immune response and extracellular pH in tropical sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Echinometra luccunter. Aquat Toxicol 2016; 180:84-94. [PMID: 27684601 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 by anthropogenic activities is changing the chemistry of the oceans, resulting in a decreased pH. Several studies have shown that the decrease in pH can affect calcification rates and reproduction of marine invertebrates, but little attention has been drawn to their immune response. Thus this study evaluated in two adult tropical sea urchin species, Lytechinus variegatus and Echinometra lucunter, the effects of ocean acidification over a period of 24h and 5days, on parameters of the immune response, the extracellular acid base balance, and the ability to recover these parameters. For this reason, the phagocytic capacity (PC), the phagocytic index (PI), the capacity of cell adhesion, cell spreading, cell spreading area of phagocytic amebocytes in vitro, and the coelomic fluid pH were analyzed in animals exposed to a pH of 8.0 (control group), 7.6 and 7.3. Experimental pH's were predicted by IPCC for the future of the two species. Furthermore, a recovery test was conducted to verify whether animals have the ability to restore these physiological parameters after being re-exposed to control conditions. Both species presented a significant decrease in PC, in the pH of coelomic fluid and in the cell spreading area. Besides that, Echinometra lucunter showed a significant decrease in cell spreading and significant differences in coelomocyte proportions. The recovery test showed that the PC of both species increased, also being below the control values. Even so, they were still significantly higher than those exposed to acidified seawater, indicating that with the re-establishment of the pH value the phagocytic capacity of cells tends to restore control conditions. These results demonstrate that the immune system and the coelomic fluid pH of these animals can be affected by ocean acidification. However, the effects of a short-term exposure can be reversible if the natural values are re-established. Thus, the effects of ocean acidification could lead to consequences for pathogen resistance and survival of these sea urchin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Alvares Leite Figueiredo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05509-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paola Cristina Branco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05509-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Amaral Dos Santos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05509-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrews Krupinski Emerenciano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05509-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Stecca Iunes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05509-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Shimada Borges
- Metropolitan United Faculties, Scholl of Veterinary Medicine, Rua Ministro Nelson Hungria, 541, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade Paulista, Av. Marquês de São Vicente, 3001 - Água Branca - São Paulo - Brazil
| | - José Roberto Machado Cunha da Silva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05509-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Branco PC, Borges JCS, Santos MF, Jensch Junior BE, da Silva JRMC. The impact of rising sea temperature on innate immune parameters in the tropical subtidal sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus and the intertidal sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Mar Environ Res 2013; 92:95-101. [PMID: 24080411 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ocean temperatures are rising throughout the world, making it necessary to evaluate the impact of these temperature changes on sea urchins, which are well-known bioindicators. This study evaluated the effect of an increase in temperature on the immune response of the subtidal Lytechinus variegatus and the intertidal Echinometra lucunter sea urchins. Both species were exposed to 20 (control), 25 and 30 °C temperatures for 24 h, 2, 7 and 14 days. Counting of coelomocytes and assays on the phagocytic response, adhesion and spreading of coelomocytes were performed. Red and colorless sphere cells were considered biomarkers for heat stress. Moreover, a significant decrease in the phagocytic indices and a decrease in both cell adhesion and cell spreading were observed at 25 and 30 °C for L. variegatus. For E. lucunter, the only alteration observed was for the cell proportions. This report shows how different species of sea urchins respond immunologically to rising temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cristina Branco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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